Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 - November 25, 1968) is an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.
In 1906, Sinclair gained a special fame for his classic rubbish novel The Jungle, which exposes labor and sanitation conditions in the US meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed partly to several months' journey. then from the 1906 Food and Pure Drug Act and Meat Examination Act. In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a mosh-sweeping exposure to American journalism that published the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of a "free press" in the United States. Four years after the publication of The Brass Check , the first code of ethics for journalists was made. The Time Magazine calls it "a man with every prize except humor and silence". He also remembered well for the line: "It's hard to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends on him not understanding it." He uses this line in his speeches and books about his campaign for governors as a way to explain why editors and publishers of major newspapers in California will not treat serious proposals for retirement and other progressive reforms.
Many of his novels can be read as historical works. Writing during the Progressive Era, Sinclair describes the American industrial world from the point of view of working people and industrialists. Novels such as King Coal (1917), The Coal War (published posthumously), Oil! (1927), and The Flivver King (1937) describes the working conditions of coal, oil, and the automotive industry at the time.
The Flivver King described the rise of Henry Ford, his "wage reform", and the Department of Corporate Sociology until his downfall became antisemitism as the publisher of The Dearborn Independent . King Coal faced John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and his role in the 1913 Ludlow Massacre in the Colorado coal field.
Sinclair was an outspoken and unsuccessful socialist for Congress as a candidate for the Socialist Party. He was also a Democratic candidate for the California Governor during the Great Depression, running under the banner of the Final Poverty Campaign in California, but was defeated in the 1934 election.
Video Upton Sinclair
Early life and education
Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. and Priscilla Harden Sinclair. His father was a liquor seller whose alcoholism overshadowed his son's childhood. Priscilla Harden Sinclair is a strict Episcopalian who dislikes alcohol, tea, and coffee. As a child, Sinclair slept on the couch or on the bed of his parents. When his father came out for the night, he would sleep alone in bed with his mother. Sinclair did not associate with him when he became older because of his strict rules and the refusal to allow him freedom. Sinclair then told his son, David, that around the 16th year of Sinclair, he decided to have nothing to do with his mother, staying away from him for 35 years because an argument would begin if they met. Her mother's family is very prosperous: her parents are very prosperous in Baltimore, and her sister is married to a millionaire. Sinclair had rich maternal grandfathers he often left behind. This gave him insight into how the rich and poor lived in the late nineteenth century. Living in two social environments affects him and greatly affects his books. Upton Beall Sinclair, Sr., came from a highly respected family in the South, but his family was financially undermined by the Civil War, the disruption of the labor system during the Reconstruction era, and widespread agricultural depression.
As he grew up, the Upton family moved often, because his father was not successful in his career. She developed love to read when she was five years old. He read every book his mother had to understand the world deeper. He did not start school until he was 10 years old. He lacked math and worked hard to catch up quickly because of his embarrassment. In 1888, the Sinclair family moved to Queens, New York, where his father sold shoes. Upton entered City College of New York five days before his 14th birthday, on September 15, 1892. He wrote jokes, equivalent novels, and magazine articles in weekly magazines and boy porridge to pay his tuition. With that income, he could move his parents to an apartment when he was seventeen.
He graduated in June 1897 and studied for some time at Columbia University. His department was legal, but he was more interested in writing, and he studied several languages, including Spanish, German, and French. He paid a one-time registration fee to learn things. He will register for the class and then drop it. She again supported herself through college by writing adventure stories and boys jokes. He also sells ideas to cartoonists. Using a stenograph, he wrote up to 8,000 words of pulp fiction per day. His only complaint about his educational experience was that he failed to educate him about socialism. After leaving Columbia, he wrote four books in the next four years; they are commercially unsuccessful although very well received: King Midas (1901), Prince Hagen (1902), The Journal of Arthur Stirling ( 1903)), and a Civil War novel titled Manassas (1904).
Upton became close to Rev. William Wilmerding Moir. Moir is special in sexual abstinence and teaches his belief in Sinclair. He was taught to "avoid sex problems." Sinclair had to report to Moir each month on his taboos. Despite their close relationship, Sinclair is identified as agnostic.
Maps Upton Sinclair
Careers
Upton Sinclair imagined himself a poet and dedicated his time to writing poetry.
In 1904, Sinclair spent seven weeks in disguise, working undercover at a Chicago meat packing factory to research his novel, The Jungle (1906), a political exposure that addresses the conditions at the factory, as well as life. poor immigrants. When published two years later, it became a bestseller.
With earnings from The Jungle , Sinclair set up utopian - but not Jewish white only - Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, New Jersey (Helicon Home Colony is a white space only). He ran for a Socialist candidate for Congress. Colonies burn in suspicious situations within a year.
In the spring of 1905, Sinclair issued a call for the formation of a new organization, a group called the Inter-Religious Socialist Society.
In 1913-1914, Sinclair made three trips to the Colorado coal field, which made him write King Coal and cause him to start working on a larger, more historically The Coal War. In 1914, Sinclair helped organize demonstrations in New York City against Rockefeller in Standard Oil offices. The demonstration sparked more action by the World Industry Workers (IWW) and the NGO Group, the loose association of anarchists and IWW members, in the Rockefeller hometown of Tarrytown.
The Sinclairs moved to California in 1920 and lived there for almost four decades. For many years with his second wife, Mary Craig, Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by Charlie Chaplin, Sinclair and Mary Craig produce Eisenstein Ã,¡Qua  © viva MÃÆ'  © xico! in 1930-32.
Other interests
In addition to his political and social writings, Sinclair is interested in occult phenomena and experiments with telepathy. His book Mental Radio (1930) included stories of his wife's telepathic experience and abilities. William McDougall read the book and wrote an introduction to him, which led him to establish a parapsychology department at Duke University.
Political career
Sinclair broke with the Socialist party in 1917 and supported the war effort. However, in 1920, he had returned to the party.
In the 1920s, Sinclairs moved to Monrovia, California, near Los Angeles, where Sinclair founded the state chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. Wanting to pursue politics, he twice failed to succeed for the United States Congress on Socialist tickets: in 1920 for the House of Representatives and in 1922 for the Senate. He was a party candidate for the governor of California in 1930, winning nearly 50,000 votes.
During this period, Sinclair was also active in radical politics in Los Angeles. For example, in 1923, to support the challenging right to freedom of speech of World Industrial Workers, Sinclair spoke at a rally during the San Pedro Maritime Offensive, in what is now Liberty Hill. He began reading from the Bill of Rights and was immediately arrested, along with hundreds of others, by the LAPD. The arresting officer proclaimed: "We will not have such Constitution goods".
In 1934, Sinclair ran for California governor election as Democrat. The Sinclair platform, known as the End Poverty Movement in California (EPIC), garnered Democratic support, and Sinclair earned his nomination. Getting 879,000 votes made this his most successful success for the post, but incumbent Governor Frank Merriam beat him by a considerable margin, earning 1,138,000 votes. The studio boss of Hollywood unanimously opposed Sinclair. They pressured their employees to help and chose Merriam's campaign, and made a fake propaganda film that attacked Sinclair, not giving him a chance to respond.
Sinclair's plan to end poverty quickly became a controversial issue under the pressure of many migrants to California who fled from the Dust Bowl. The Conservatives regarded his proposal as a communist takeover of their country and quickly opposed it, using propaganda to portray Sinclair as a persistent communist. Sinclair had been a member of the Socialist Party from 1902 to 1934, when he became a Democrat, although he always considered himself a Socialist in spirit. The Socialist Party in California and nationally refused to allow its members to be active in other parties including the Democratic Party and expel him, along with the socialists who supported his California campaign. The expulsion destroyed the Socialist party in California.
At the same time, the American and Soviet communists broke away from him, thinking of him as a capitalist. In later writings, like his anti-alcohol book The Cup of Fury, Sinclair sharply criticized communism. Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein was heavily involved in Sinclair's campaign, although he tried to stay away from his later stance in his life.
After losing Merriam, Sinclair left EPIC and politics to re-write. In 1935, he published the Governor's Candidate: And How I Licked , in which he described the techniques used by Merriam's supporters, including the popular Aimee Semple McPherson, who strongly opposed socialism and what he is regarded as Sinclair's modernism. The Sinclair line from this book "It is difficult to get a person to understand something, when his salary depends on his ignorance" has become famous and eg quoted by Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth.
From his governor's offer, Sinclair said in 1951:
The American people will take Socialism, but they will not take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Walking on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and walked in the slogan for 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we just have to admit the fact that our enemies have managed to spread Big Lie. There is no point attacking him with a front attack, much better to outrun them.
Personal life
In April 1900, Sinclair went to Lake Massawippi in Quebec to work on a novel. He has a small cabin that was rented for three months and then he moved to a farmhouse. Here, his future wife, Meta Fuller, and he became close. He is three years younger than him and has the ideal of becoming more than a housewife. Sinclair gave his direction on what to read and learn. Meta is a childhood friend whose family is one of the First Families in Virginia. Each has warned the other about themselves and will then put it up in the argument. They married October 18, 1900. They used abstinence as the main form of birth control. Meta is pregnant with a child as soon as they get married and try to abort it several times. The boy was born on December 1, 1901, and was named David. Meta and his family tried to make Sinclair give up writing and get "a job that will support his family." Around 1911, Meta left Sinclair for poet Harry Kemp, who came to be known as "Dunes Poet" from Provincetown, Massachusetts.
In 1913, Sinclair married Mary Craig Kimbrough (1883-1961), a woman from the elite family of Greenwood, Mississippi ,. He has written articles and a book about Winnie Davis, daughter of American Confederate President Jefferson Davis. She met him when he attended a lecture by him about The Jungle . In the 1920s, the Sinclairs moved to California. They married until his death in 1961. Sinclair remarried, to Mary Elizabeth Willis (1882-1967).
Sinclair opposes sex outside of marriage and he views the only marital relationship necessary for procreation. He told his first wife Meta that only the birth of a child gives "honor and meaning" to the marriage. Despite his belief, he has an adulterous affair with Anna Noyes during his marriage to Meta. She wrote a novel about an affair called Love's Progress, the sequel to Love's Pilgrimage. It was never published. His next wife had an affair with John Armistead Collier, a theology student from Memphis; they have a son named Ben.
In his novel, Mammonart , he suggests that Christianity is a religion favored by the rich and promotes a standard drop. He's against it.
At the end of his life, Sinclair, along with his third wife, Mary Willis, moved to Buckeye, Arizona. They returned east to Bound Brook, New Jersey. Sinclair died in a nursing home on November 25, 1968, a year after his wife. He was buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC, next to Willis.
Write
Sinclair devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social and economic conditions of the early twentieth century in both fiction and nonfiction. He expressed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the extraordinary effects of poverty among the working class. He also edits fiction and nonfiction collections.
The Jungle
The novel is based on the meat packaging industry in Chicago, The Jungle, was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper Appeal Against Reason from February 25, 1905, to November 4, 1905 It was published as a book by Doubleday in 1906.
Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for Appeal to Reason, a work that inspired his novel. He intends to "establish the destruction of the human heart with a system that exploits male and female labor for profit". The novel features Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant who works at a meat factory in Chicago, his teenage wife, Ona Lukoszaite, and his extended family. Sinclair describes their persecution by Rudkus's employers and the richer elements of society. His explanation of the unhealthy and inhuman conditions experienced by the workers serves to shock and arouse the readers. Jack London referred to Sinclair's book as "Uncle Tom's Uncle of slavery". Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fall by half.
Sinclair wrote in Cosmopolitan in October 1906 about The Jungle : "I'm directing the public heart, and I accidentally hit her in the stomach." The novel carries a public lobby for Congressional laws and industrial government regulations, including parts of the Meat and Meatballs Examination Act and Pure Drugs. At that time, President Theodore Roosevelt marked Sinclair as "mad," writing to William Allen White, "I have a total disgrace for him, he is hysterical, unbalanced and dishonest, three quarters of the things he says are absolute falsehood For the rest there is only a basis of truth. "After reading The Jungle Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions, but opposed a law he considers" socialist ". He said, "Radical action must be taken to remove the greed and selfish efforts of the capitalist side."
Examination Brass
In The Brass Check (1919), Sinclair made a systematic and incriminating critique of the weight restrictions of the "free press" in the United States. Among the topics covered is the use of yellow journalism techniques created by William Randolph Hearst. Sinclair calls The Brass Check the most important and most dangerous book I have ever written. " Novel
Sylvia
- Sylvia (1913) is a novel about a South girl. In his autobiography, Mary Craig Sinclair says he has written a book based on his own experience as a girl, and Upton collaborated with him. He asked him to publish it under his name. When it appeared in 1913, The New York Times called it "the best novel written by Mr. Sinclair - so many of the best standing in a class of its own." Sylvia's wedding (1914), Craig and Sinclair collaborated in the sequel, also published by John C. Winston Company under the name Upton Sinclair. In his autobiography of 1962, Upton Sinclair wrote: "[Mary] Craig has written several stories about his southern girl, and I have stolen them from them for a novel called Sylvia ."
Me, California Governor, and How I Ended Poverty
This is a novel published in 1934 as a foreword to run for office. He outlines his plans in it.
Lanny Budd Series
Between 1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote a series of 11 novels featuring a central figure named Lanny Budd. The son of the American arms factory, Budd is described as holding the beliefs of world leaders, and not only witnessing events, but often encouraging them. As a sophisticated socialite that is sociable with people of all cultures and socioeconomic classes, Budd has been characterized as the antithesis of the stereotypical "American Bad".
Sinclair placed Budd in important political events in the United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century. An actual company called Budd Company produced weapons during World War II, founded by Edward G. Budd in 1912.
The novels are in demand when published and published in translation, appearing in 21 countries. The third book in the series, Dental Dragon (1942), won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1943. Out of print and almost forgotten for many years, the ebook edition of the Lanny Budd series was published in 2016.
Lanny Budd series include:
Other works
Sinclair is very interested in health and nutrition. He experimented with various diets, and by fasting. He writes about this in his book, The Fasting Cure (1911), another bestseller. He believes that periodic fasting is important for health, saying, "I have undergone several fasts for ten or twelve days, with the result of a thorough breakdown of my health".
Sinclair liked raw foods dominated by vegetables and beans. For a long time, he was a complete vegetarian, but he also experimented with eating meat. His attitude to this issue is fully explained in the chapter, "The Use of Meat", in the above mentioned book.
Representation in popular culture
- Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in Chris Bachelder's satirical novel, US! (2005). Over and over again, Sinclair was resurrected after his death and was murdered again, "the personification of contemporary failures of the remaining Americans". He is portrayed as a quixotic reformer who seeks to arouse an apathetic American public for applying socialism in America.
- Sinclair Lewis refers to Sinclair and his EPIC plan in the Lewis novel, Can not Happen Here (1935).
- Joyce Carol Oates refers to Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, in his novel The Accursed (2013).
- Sinclair is widely featured as a figure in the American trilogy of Imperial Empire Harry Turtledove (2001-2003) as part of the Southern Victory Series, an alternate history in which the American Socialist Party succeeds in becoming a major force in US politics. It follows two embarrassing military defeats to Confederate Countries, the United Kingdom, and France and the post-1882 collapse of the Republican Party, with former president Abraham Lincoln leading a large number of Liberal Republican Party to the Socialist Party. Sinclair won the presidential elections of 1920 and 1924 and became the first Socialist President of the United States. He is also the 28th president on the timeline. On 4 March 1921, his inauguration was attended by a jubilant militant crowd waving red flags. However, his policy as described by Turtledove is not too radical. Sinclair served as president until 1929, when Vice President Hosea Blackford was elected in 1928 and became president of the 30th. Sinclair appears in the novel T.C.Boyle The Road to Wellville (1993), built around the historical fiction of John Harvey Kellogg, the founder of Corn Flakes and founder of Battle Creek Sanitarium. In the book Sinclair and Meta, his first wife, appeared as a patient in the Sanitarium and then Kellogg got angry when he discovered that his other patient, Eleanor Lightbody, a central figure, had been fasting, after reading the script from Sinclair The Fasting Medication.
Movies
The Jungle (1914) is a silent film adaptation of the 1906 novel, with George Nash playing Jurgis Rudkus and Gail Kane playing Ona Lukozsaite. The film is considered missing. Sinclair appears at the beginning and end of the film as a form of endorsement. The Wet Parade (1932) is an adaptation of Sinclair's eponymous 1931 novel, directed by Victor Fleming and starring Robert Young, Myrna Loy, Walter Huston and Jimmy Durante.Quotes
"Our newspapers do not represent the public interest, but personal interests; they do not represent humanity, but property; they respect people, not because they are great, or good, or wise, or useful, but because they are rich, or services for vested wealth. "(Source: Brass Inspection, page 125 )
"I am determined to get something done about the Cursed Beef Industry, I am determined to get something done about the terrible conditions in which men, women and children work on the Chicago bourse." In my attempt to get things done, I like that cage the newspapers, standing between me and the public, and inside my cage roaming up and down, testing one bar after another, and finding them impossible to destroy. "(Source:
Brass Examination,/i>)
"The social body in which we are today passes through one of the greatest crises in its history... What if the nerves we use for this knowledge of the social body should give us a false account of its condition?" (Source: Examination Brass, page 9 )
Work
Fiction
Autobiografi
Non-fiksi
Drama
As an editor
- Call for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest Ã, - 1915
See also
- Upton Sinclair HouseÃ, - in Monrovia, California .
- Will H. Kindig, a supporter at the Los Angeles City Council
Note
References
Further reading
Arthur, Anthony (2006), Radical Innocent Upton Sinclair, New York: Random House .External links
- Upton Sinclair on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Works by Upton Sinclair at Project Gutenberg
- Work based on or about Upton Sinclair in the Internet Archive
- Works by Upton Sinclair on LibriVox (public domain audiobook)
- Forest Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
- Call for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest , Bartleby.com
- A Guide to Upton Collection Sinclair, Lilly's Library, Indiana University Phelps, Christopher (June 26, 2006), The Fictitious Suppression of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, the History News network .
- Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", San Francisco City Virtual Museum
- "A Tribute To Two Sinclairs", Sinclair Lewis & amp; Upton Sinclair
- Information about Sinclair and Progressive Journalism today
- "Upton Sinclair's Writings" from C-SPAN American Writers: Journey Through History
- Upton Sinclair in Finding the Mausoleum
- "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley", Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley
- Upton SinclairÃ, - Induces into the Hall of Fame Chicago Literature
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