St. Augustine (Spanish: San AgustÃÆ'n ) is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by the Spanish explorers, it is the oldest settlement established in Europe within the confines of the continent of the United States.
St. Johns County county county, St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Beach area and the metropolitan area of ​​Jacksonville. According to the 2010 census, the city's population is 12,975. The estimated population of the US Census Bureau of 2013 in city populations is 13,679, while urban areas have a population of 71,379 in 2012.
Saint Augustine was founded on September 8, 1565, by the Spanish admiral Pedro Menà © à © ndez de AvilÃÆ' © s, Florida's first governor. He named the settlement "San Agustin", because his ship carrying Spanish settlers, troops and supplies first saw the mainland in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast of St. Augustine. Augustine. The city serves as the capital of Florida Spain for over 200 years. It was designated as the capital of British East Florida when the colony was founded in 1763 until it was submitted to Spain in 1783.
Spain submitted Florida to the United States in 1819, and St. Augustine was designated as the capital of the Florida Region after the ratification of the Adams-Ons Agreement in 1821. The Florida National Guard made the city its headquarters in the same year. The territorial government moved and made Tallahassee the capital of 1824. Since the late 19th century, the historical character of St. Different Augustine has made this city a major tourist attraction.
Video St. Augustine, Florida
Histori
Didirikan oleh Pedro MenÃÆ' © ndez de AvilÃÆ' © s
Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro MenÃÆ' © ndez de AvilÃÆ' © s, St. Augustine is the oldest continuous settlement of European origin in the neighboring United States. In 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Florida Spain to establish a colony in an area claimed by Spain. They are exploring the mouth of the River St. Johns, called it la Rivière de Mai (May River), then sailed north and established a settlement called Charlesfort in Port Royal Sound in the present in the South. Carolina. Spain learned from this French expedition through a spy at a port on the Atlantic coast of France. The noble Huguenot Renà © à © de LaudonniÃÆ'¨re, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonies. He arrived at the mouth of the May River on June 22, 1564, sailed for several miles, and founded the Citadel of Caroline.
Wanting to protect the territory it claimed in North America from such an attack, the Spanish Crown issued an asiento to MenÃÆ'Â ndez, signed by King Philip II on March 20, 1565, which gave him extensive trade rights, strength to distribute the land, and license to sell 500 slaves, as well as various titles, including from Florida's adelantado . The contract directs MenÃÆ'Â ndez to sail to La Florida, returning from Florida Keys to present-day Canada, and reporting on its coastal features, with the aim of establishing a permanent settlement for the defense of the Spanish treasure fleet. He was ordered to expel any intruder who was not the subject of the Spanish crown.
On July 28, MenÃÆ' ndez sailed from CÃÆ'¡diz with a fleet led by his 600-ton vessel, San Pelayo, accompanied by several smaller vessels, and carrying over 1,000 sailors, soldiers , and settlers. On the feast day of St. Augustine, August 28, the fleet sees the land and anchored in the northern part of the tidal channel called the Dolphin River in France. Menà © ndez then sailed north and faced the Ribault fleet outside the May River bar in a short battle. On September 6, he returned to his first landing site, named the island after the Catholic saint, sent down his army, and quickly built a fortress to protect his people and supplies.
Menà © ndez then drove his soldiers ashore to conduct a surprise attack on Fort Caroline, where they killed almost everyone inside the castle except for women and children. Jean Ribault had sailed overboard with his ships to attack St. Augustine, but was struck by a storm that destroyed his ship further south. Informed by his Indian allies that the victims marched north on the beach, MenÃÆ' ndez began searching for the French, who made it to the southern entrance of the Matanzas River. There they were confronted by the Spaniards and their men on the opposite side. After several trenches with Spain, Jean Ribault and the French with him (between 150-350, different sources) surrendered; almost all of them executed on a hill near the entrance, then called Matanzas (Spanish for "slaughter").
In May 1566, when relations with Indian Timucua neighbors deteriorated, MenÃÆ' ndez moved the Spanish settlement into a more defensible position at the northern end of the barrier between land and sea, and built a wooden castle there. In 1572, the settlement was moved to the mainland, in an area just south of the city plaza of the future. Confident that he has fulfilled the main terms of his contract with the King, including the construction of a fortress along the coast of La Florida, MenÃÆ' ndez returned to Spain in 1567. After several more transatlantic crossings, Mena  © ndez fell ill and died on September 17, 1574.
Invasion by Spanish pirates and enemies
The provincial governors who managed to maintain peaceful coexistence with local Native Americans, allowed St. Augustine's outpost stable for several years. On 28 and 29 May 1586, shortly after the Anglo-Spanish War began between England and Spain, British officer Sir Francis Drake fired and burned St. Augustine. His large fleet approach requires Governor Pedro Menà © ndez MÃÆ'¡Rquez and the townspeople to flee for their safety. When the English went ashore, they confiscated several pieces of artillery and a powerful royal box containing golden dukat, garrison garrison. The killing of their major sergeant by the Spanish rearguard caused Drake to order the city to be burned.
In 1609 and 1611, the expedition was sent out of St Augustine against the British colony in Jamestown, Virginia. In the second half of the seventeenth century, unstable Indian groups, forced south by a growing British colony in the Carolinas, raided Florida and killed Franciscan priests serving on Catholic missions. Demand by the provincial governor of successive to strengthen the garrison and castle presidio ignored by the Crown. The 1663 Charter for the new Province of Carolina, issued by King Charles II of England, was revised in 1665, claiming land as far south as 29 degrees north latitude, about 65 miles south of the settlement at St. Augustine.
British police officer Robert Searle later dismissed St. Augustine in 1668, killing sixty people and looting of government buildings, churches and houses, after which the hijackers make up for some of their hostages and selling others into slavery. This attack and the formation of British settlement in Charles Town spurred the Spanish monarchy to finally recognize the threat represented by the new British colony in the north and strengthen the city's defense. In 1669, Ratu Regent Mariana ordered Viceroy of the New Spain to withdraw funds for the construction of a permanent stone fort, which began in 1672. Before the fort was completed, bunkers Michel de Grammont and Nicolas Brigaut plotted attacks on 1686 thwarted: their ship ran aground, Grammont and his crew lost, and Brigaut was captured on land by the Spanish army. Castillo de San Marcos was completed in 1695, shortly before the attack by the forces of Governor Moore of the Carolina in November, 1702. Failed to seize the citadel after a 58-day siege, British troops burned St. Augustine to the ground as they retreated. In 1740, the city was again besieged, this time by the governor of the British colony of Georgia, General James Oglethorpe, who also could not take over the fort.
Loyalist haven under British rule
The Treaty of Paris (1763), signed after the Great Britain victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years War, handed Florida over to Great Britain and consequently St. Augustine became a Loyalist heaven during the American Revolutionary War. The second Treaty of Paris (1783), which recognized the independence of the former British colony north of Florida, also handed Florida back to Spain, and as a result many Spanish townspeople returned to St Augustine. Refugees from troubled colonies Dr. Andrew Turnbull in New Smyrna has fled to St. Augustine in 1777, and became the majority of the city's population during the British rule. This group, and still, is referred to locally as "Menorcans", although it also includes settlers from Italy, Corsica and the Greek islands as well.
Second Spanish Period
During the period of the Second Spain (1784-1821) Florida, Spain dealt with the invasion of the Iberian peninsula by the Napoleonic forces in the Peninsula War, and struggled to maintain a weak grip on its territory in the western hemisphere as a sweeping revolution of South America. The administration of the Florida kingdom is neglected, because the province has long been regarded as unprofitable water by the Crown. The United States, however, considers Florida to be of importance to its political and military interests when expanding its territory in North America, and maneuvering in a clandestine way to obtain it. The Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and ratified in 1821, submitted Florida and St. Augustine, still its capital at the time, to the United States.
Florida Region
Florida remained organized territory of the United States until 1845, when it was accepted into the Union as the State of Florida. The Territorial Period (1821-1845) was marked by a prolonged war with the Indian Creek group that occupied the peninsula, collectively known as the "Seminoles", during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842). The US Army took over the command of Castillo de San Marcos and renamed it Fort Marion after General Francis Marion, who fought in the American Revolutionary War. The capital of the territory was moved to Tallahassee in 1824.
Civil War
Florida joined the Confederacy after the Civil War began in 1861, and the Confederate authorities retained St Augustine for fourteen months, though it was barely maintained. Unions do blockade of delivery. In 1862 the Union forces occupied St. Augustine and control it for the rest of the war. With the already suffering economy, many residents are displaced.
Henry Flagler and rail
Civil Rights MovementIn late 1963, nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. The Education Council that school segregation is unconstitutional, African Americans are still trying to get St. Augustine to integrate public schools in the city. They also try to integrate public accommodation, such as a lunch counter, and meet with the arrest and violence of the Ku Klux Klan. Local college students hold nonviolent protests throughout the city, including lounging at Woolworth, picket lines, and local parades through the city center. This protest often meets with police violence. Houses of African Americans are bombed, black leaders are attacked and threatened with death, and others are fired from their jobs.
In the spring of 1964, civil rights leader St. Augustine Robert Hayling called for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and its leader Martin Luther King, Jr. to ask for help. From May to July 1964, King and Hayling, together with Andrew Young, organized parades, sit-ins, and other peaceful protests at St. Augustine. Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested, and jails filled with capacity. At the request of Hayling and King, the white civil rights advocates of the North, including students, clergy, and prominent public figures, came to St. Augustine and was arrested along with Southern activists.
St. Augustine was the only place in Florida where the King was arrested; His arrest occurred on June 11, 1964, on the steps of the Monson Motor Lodge restaurant. The demonstration reached its peak when a group of black and white protesters jumped into the hotel's separate swimming pool. In response to the protest, James Brock, hotel manager and president of Hotel Florida & amp; The Motel Association, pouring what it claims as muriatic acid into a pool to burn the protesters. These photographs, and a policeman jumped into the pool to capture the demonstrators, broadcast to the world.
Ku Klux Klan responded to this protest with the widely reported violence attacks in the national and international media. The popular retaliation against Clan and police violence in St. Petersburg. Augustine generated national sympathy for black protesters and became a key factor in the congress section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ultimately led to the passage of the Select Rules Act of 1965, both of which provide for the enforcement of federal constitutional rights.
Modern St Augustine
In 1965, Saint Augustine celebrated his 400th anniversary of his founding, and together with the State of Florida, inaugurated a program to restore parts of the colonial city. The Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board was formed to reconstruct over thirty-six buildings for their historical appearance, which was completed in a few years. When the State of Florida abolished the Council in 1997, St. Augustine took over the reins of the reconstructed buildings, as well as other historic properties including the Government House. In 2010, the city transferred control of the historic buildings to the University of Florida.
By 2015, St. Augustine celebrated its 450th anniversary of its founding with a long four-day festival and visits from Felipe VI of Spain and Queen Letizia of Spain.
On October 7, 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused widespread flooding in downtown St. Augustine.
Maps St. Augustine, Florida
Geography and climate
St. Augustine is located on 29Ã, Â ° 53? 41? N 81 Â ° 18? 52? W (29,8946910, -81,3145170). According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of ​​10.7 square miles (27.8 km 2 ), 8.4 square miles (21.7 km 2 ) among them is land and 2.4 square miles (6.1 km 2 ) (21.99%) is water. Access to the Atlantic Ocean is via St. Augustine Inlet from the Matanzas River.
St. Augustine has a humid subtropical climate or Cfa - typical of the Gulf and the South Atlantic countries. Low latitude and beachfront locations provide a warm and sunny climate city. Like most Florida, St. Augustine enjoys a high number of sunny days, averaging 2,900 hours per year. Unlike most of the adjacent United States, St. Augustine's driest time of year is winter. Summer and wet runs from May to October, while the cool and dry season extends from November to April.
In summer, the highest average daytime is in the 80s to the lowest 90s  ° F (26 ° to 33 ° C) and the lowest average nighttime is below 70 ° C (21  ° C). The Bermuda High pumps in hot and unstable tropical air from the Bahamas and the Gulf of Mexico, which help create a typical daily thunder in the summer. Heavy rains but very short often occur in mid-summer in the city. Autumn and spring are warm and sunny with altitudes in the range of 75 to 80 F (21 to 24 ° C) and the lowest in the past 50s to 60s (10 to 17 ° C).
In the dry dry season, St. Augustine generally has light and sunny weather typical of the Florida peninsula. The coolest months are from December to February, with the highest daytime averages ranging from 65 to 70 ° F (18 to 21 ° C) and nighttime lows in the 46-49 F range (8 to 10 ° C C). From November to April, St. Augustine often has a long period of weather without rain. Early spring (April) can see conditions close to drought with a fire brush and water restriction in place. St. Augustine averages six frosts per year. Typhoons sometimes have an impact on the area; however, like most of these storm-prone areas, St. Augustine was rarely directly exposed to severe storms. The last direct blow by a major storm to the town was Hurricane Dora in 1964. Major floods took place in downtown St. Augustine when Hurricane Matthew crossed the east of the city in October 2016.
Demographics
In the 2010 US Census, there were 12,975 people, 5,743 households, and 2,679 families living in the city. Population density was 1,376.2 people per square mile (531/km ²). There are 6,978 housing units with an average density of 549.4 per square mile (211.4/km ²). City racial makeup is 84.2% Caucasian, 11.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Island, 0.8% of other races, and 1.6 % of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race is 5.1% of the population.
There are 5,743 households where 14.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.7% are married couples living together, 10.9% have unmarried female households present, and 53.4% is not family. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.4% had a single person living alone 65 or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.67.
In cities, the population is spread by 13.1% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 19% at 65 years or more. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 women, there are 88.1 men. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there are 85.8 men.
The average income for households in the city is $ 36,424, and the average income for families is $ 56,055. Men have an average income of $ 32,409 compared to $ 30,188 for women. The per capita income for the city is $ 23,485. Approximately 7.6% of families and 21.1% of the population are below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under the age of 18 and 24.4% of those aged 65 and older.
Transportation
Highway
- Interstate 95 runs north-south.
- Route 1 AS runs north-south.
- The A1A Country Road operates north-south.
- State Road 16 run east-west
- State Road 207 runs northeast-southwest
- State Road 312 run east-west
Airport
St. Augustine has one public airport 4 miles (6.4 km) north of downtown. It has three runways and two seaplane tracks. ViaAir provides seasonal services to Charlotte, and Elite Airways will soon be providing services to Rochester, Minnesota. A variety of private jets and helicopter tours also operate from the airport. Northrop Grumman runs a large manufacturing plant in the field, where E-2 Hawkeye is produced. Jacksonville International Airport is 40 miles north along I-95.
Destination
Spanish first and second spanish
- Avero House
- Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
- Matanzas Castle National Monument
- Fort Mose Historic State Park
- Nombre de Dios
- Gonzalez-Alvarez House
- Fountain of Youth Archeology Park
- Spanish Military Hospital Museum
- St. Francis Barracks
- Colonial Quarter
- Ximenez-Fatio House
- González-Jones House
- Llambias House
- Oldest Wooden Schoolhouse
- Tolomato Cemetery and Huguenot Cemetery
English Era
- The King Bakery
Pre-Marker Era
- St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum
- Markland Mansion
Flagler era
- Ponce de Leon Hotels
- Casa Monica Hotel
- Hotel Alcazar
- Zorayda Castle
- Lion Bridge
- Old St. Prison Johns County
- Ripley's Believe it or Not! The museum is located in 1887 house of William Worden.
- St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park
Historical churches
- Grace United Methodist Church
- Cathedral Basilica Augustine
- Memorial Presbyterian Church
- St. Trinity Church Augustine
Lincolnville National Historic District - Era of Civil Rights
- St. Benedict the the Moor School
Other things of interest
- Anastasia State Park
- Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
- St. Augustine Amphitheater
- St. Augustine Pirate & amp; Treasure Museum
- World Golf Hall of Fame
- The Extraordinary Cross
Twin Cities
- AvilÃÆ' Â © s, Asturias, Spain
- Laayoune, Western Sahara
- Cartagena, Colombia
- Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Education
Primary and secondary education at St. Augustine is supervised by St. Johns County. There is no public secondary school located within the city limits of St. Augustine at the moment, but St. Augustine, Pedro Menendez Secondary School, and St. Johns is located in the vicinity. The Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, a state-run school dormitory for deaf and blind students, was founded in the city in 1885. St. Catholic Diocese Augustine operates St. Joseph Academy, the oldest Catholic secondary school in Florida, to the west of the city.
There are several higher education institutions in and around St. Augustine. Flagler College is a four year old liberal arts college established in 1968. Located in the former Ponce de Leon Hotel in downtown St. Louis. Augustine. St. Johns River State College, a public college at Florida College System, has St. Augustine to the west of the city. Also in the area are the University of North Florida, Jacksonville University, and Florida State College in Jacksonville in Jacksonville.
Government resources
- Official Website of St. Petersburg Augustine
- St. Augustine Port, Waterway, and Beach District
Local news media
- The St Augustine Record/staugustine.com , the daily newspaper and the city's online newspaper
- Historical City News daily journal news daily
Riwayat
- situs web resmi Castillo de San Marcos, Layanan Taman Nasional A.S.
- St. Mercusuar dan Museum Augustine
- Lighthouse Maritime Programme (LAMP), arkeologi maritim di St. Augustine
- Halaman riwayat (augustine.com)
- "St. Augustine Movement" di online King Encyclopedia (Stanford University)
- "St. Augustine Movement 1963-1964", situs web Civil Rights Movement Veteran
Higher education
- Flagler College
- St. Johns River Community College
- St. University Augustine for Health Sciences
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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