Climatology (from the Greek ????? , klima , "place, zone "and - ????? , -logia ) or climate science is a scientific study of climate, which is scientifically defined as the average weather condition over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of atmospheric science and a sub-field of physical geography, which is one of Earth's sciences. Climatology now includes aspects of oceanography and biogeochemistry. Basic knowledge of climate can be used in short-term weather forecasts using analogue techniques such as El NiÃÆ'Â Â o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Madden-Julian oscillations (MJO), North Atlantic oscillations (NAO), Annular Mode North (NAM) known as Arctic oscillation (AO), North Pacific Index (NP), Pacific Deccanation oscillation (PDO), and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used for various purposes from studies on weather dynamics and climate systems for future climate projections. The weather is known as atmospheric conditions over a period of time, while climate is related to atmospheric conditions over an extended period of time to indefinite time.
Video Climatology
History
Chinese scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095) concluded that the climate naturally shifts over a very large time span, after observing the petrified bamboo found underground near Yanzhou (modern-day Yan'an, Shaanxi province), the dry-climate region not suitable for bamboo growth.
Early climate researchers included Edmund Halley, who published a map of the wind trade in 1686 after a trip to the southern hemisphere. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) first mapped the course of the Gulf Stream for use in sending letters from the United States to Europe. Francis Galton (1822-1911) invented the term anticyclone . Helmut Landsberg (1906-1985) encouraged the use of statistical analysis in climatology, which led to his evolution into physical science.
The Greeks began a formal study on climate; actually the word climate comes from the Greek word klima, which means "slope," referring to the slope or slope of the Earth's axis. The first different climate treaties are the works of Hippocrates, who wrote Water, Water and Venue at 400 B.C.E.
Maps Climatology
Different approach
Climatology is approached in various ways such as Paleoclimatology, that attempt to reconstruct the past climate by examining records such as ice cores and tree circles (dendroclimatology). Paleotempestology uses this same note to help determine the frequency of storms for thousands of years. Contemporary climate studies combine meteorological data collected over the years, such as records of precipitation, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also manifested in models, either statistics or mathematics, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used to understand the past, present and potential future climate. The history of climatology is the study of climate related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.
Climate research is complicated by large-scale, long periods of time, and complex processes governing the climate. Climate is governed by physical laws that can be expressed as differential equations. This equation is combined and nonlinear, so the approximate solution is obtained by using numerical methods to create global climate models. The climate is sometimes modeled as a stochastic process but it is generally accepted as an approach to a process that is too complex to analyze.
Index
Scientists use climate indices based on several climatic patterns (known as variability modes) in their efforts to characterize and understand the various climatic mechanisms that culminate in our everyday weather. Many ways in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, based on the stock price of 30 companies, are used to represent fluctuations in the stock market as a whole, the climate index is used to represent important elements of the climate. The climate index is generally designed with the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness, and each index usually represents the status and time of the climate factor it represents. In accordance with its nature, the index is simple, and incorporates many details into a comprehensive overview of the atmosphere or oceans that can be used to characterize factors that affect the global climate system.
El NiÃÆ' Â ± o-Southern Oscillation
El NiÃÆ'  o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Signs of the Pacific Ocean, El Nià ± o and La Nià ± a are important temperature fluctuations in the surface of the waters of the tropical East Pacific Ocean. The name El NiÃÆ'  ± o, from Spanish for "little boy", refers to the child of Christ, because this phenomenon is usually noticed around Christmas time in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America. La NiÃÆ'  ± a means "little girl". The effect on subtropical and tropical climate is enormous. The atmospheric signature, South Oscillation (SO) reflects monthly or seasonal fluctuations in the air pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin. The recent appearance of El Nià ± o began in September 2006 and lasted until early 2007.
ENSO is a set of interacting parts of a single global system of atmospheric ocean climate fluctuations occurring as a consequence of oceanic and atmospheric circulation. ENSO is the world's most famous source of climate variability and climate variability. This cycle occurs every two to seven years, with El NiÃÆ' Â ± o lasting nine months to two years in long-term cycles, although not all areas are globally affected. ENSO has signatures in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean.
In the Pacific, during major warm events, El NiÃÆ' Â ± o warming extends more from the tropical Pacific and becomes clearly linked to the SO intensity. While the ENSO event is essentially in the phase between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the ENSO event in the Atlantic Ocean lags behind them in the Pacific in 12-18 months. Many of the countries most affected by ENSO events are developing countries in the tropical part of the continent with economies heavily dependent on their agricultural and fisheries sectors as a major source of food, work and foreign exchange supplies. New capabilities to predict ENSO events in three oceans can have a global socio-economic impact. Although ENSO is a global and natural part of Earth's climate, whether its intensity or frequency can change as a result of global warming is an important issue. Low frequency variability has been demonstrated: quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO). Inter-decadal (ID) modulation ENSO (from PDO or IPO) may exist. This could explain the so-called ENSO prolonged in the early 1990s.
Tulil Madden-Julian
The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is an equatorial journey pattern of the planetary-scale anomalous rainfall. It is characterized by the eastward development of a large area of ​​increased and suppressed tropical rainfall, observed primarily in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. An anomaly rainfall is usually first seen over the western Indian Ocean, and remains visible as it travels in the warm, warm Pacific waters of the Pacific Ocean. This tropical rainfall pattern then became very unobtrusive as it moved over the cooler ocean waters of the eastern Pacific but reappeared over the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. The improved phase of wet convection and precipitation is followed by a dry phase in which convection is suppressed. Each cycle lasts about 30-60 days. MJO is also known as 30- to 60 day oscillations, 30 to 60 day waves, or intraseasonal oscillations.
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
The NAO index is based on a normalized sea level (SLP) difference between Ponta Delgada, Azores and Stykkisholmur/Reykjavik, Iceland. SLP anomalies at each station are normalized by the division of any seasonal average pressure with a long-term average (1865-1984) standard deviation. Normalization is done to avoid the circuit dominated by the greater variability of the two northern stations. The positive values ​​of the index show people who are stronger than average above the midline.
Northern Annular Mode (NAM) or Arctic oscillation (AO)
NAM, or AO, is defined as the first EOF of the winter SLP data in the northern hemisphere from the tropics and subtropics. This explains 23% of the average winter (December-March) variance, and is dominated by the NAO structure in the Atlantic. Although there are some subtle differences from regional patterns over the Atlantic and the Arctic, the main difference is the greater amplitude anomaly over the North Pacific with the same marks as those above the Atlantic. This feature gives NAM a more annular (or zonally symmetric) structure.
Northern Pacific (NP)
The NP index is the weighted sea-level pressure above the 30N-65N, 160E-140W region.
Pacific decadent decadence (PDO)
PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts the phase on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually around 20 to 30 years. PDO is detected as warm or cold surface water in the Pacific Ocean, north 20 ° N During "warm" or "positive" phase, the western Pacific becomes cold and part of the eastern ocean warms up; during the "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs. The mechanism by which the pattern lasts for several years has not been identified; one suggestion is that a thin layer of warm water during the summer can protect deeper cold waters. The PDO signal has been reconstructed into 1661 through the chronology of tree circles in the Baja California area. Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO)
The Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO or ID) displays similar sea-level temperatures (SST) and sea level pressure patterns to the PDO, with a 15-30 year cycle, but affects the North and South Pacific. In the tropical Pacific, maximum SST anomalies are found far from the equator. This is very different from quasi-decadal oscillation (QDO) with a period of 8-12 years and a maximum SST anomaly that straddles the equator, thus resembling ENSO.
Model
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate atmospheric interactions, oceans, ground surfaces, and ice. They are used for various purposes from studies on weather dynamics and climate systems for future climate projections. All climate models balance, or nearly balance, the incoming energy as shortwave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with energy coming out as long-wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the earth. Any imbalance produces changes in the earth's average temperature.
The model most talked about in recent years is the temperature associated with carbon dioxide emissions (see greenhouse gases). These models predict an upward trend in record surface temperatures, as well as faster temperature increases at higher latitudes.
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex:
- A simple radiation heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and the average energy out
- this can be expanded vertically (convective radiation model), or horizontally
- finally, (combined) sea ice-atmosphere global climate models discretize and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and luminous exchange.
Difference with meteorology
Unlike meteorology, which focuses on short-term weather systems lasting for several weeks, climatology studies the frequencies and trends of the system. It studies the periodicity of weather events over the years to the millennium, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatology studies the nature of climate - local, regional or global - and natural or human-induced factors that cause climate change. Climatology regards the past and can help predict climate change in the future.
Climatological interest phenomena include atmospheric boundary layers, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between atmosphere and ocean and soil surface (especially vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.
Use in weather forecast
A more complicated way of making predictions, analogue techniques require remembering previous weather events that are expected to be replicated by upcoming events. What makes it a difficult technique to use is that there is rarely a perfect analogue for an event in the future. Some people call this type of forecasting pattern recognition , which remains a useful method for observing rainfall over empty data such as oceans with knowledge of how satellite imagery relates to above-ground precipitation rates, and estimates precipitation amount and distribution in the future. Variations on this theme are used in Mid-range estimates, known as teleconnections, when you use systems in other locations to help mark the location of other systems in the surrounding regime. One method of using teleconnections is to use climate indices such as phenomena associated with ENSO.
See also
- Biogeochemistry
- Climate as a complex network
- Climate engineering
- Climate Prediction Center
- The slope of the Earth's axis of rotation
- Geophysics
- Helmut Landsberg
- List of climate scientists
- Meteorology
- National Climatic Data Center
- Paleoclimatology
- Paleotempestology
- Pangea Expedition
- Tornado Climatology
- Cyclone tropical climatology
- Climatology city
References
External links
- Climate Science Special Report - U.S. Global Change Research Program
- Earth Climate - National scientific thinking center (CNRS - France)
- Climatology News Daily publications with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
- Climate Prediction Center
- KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer maps the climatological relationship of spatial and temporal data.
- Climatology as an Amer Profession. Inst. from the Climatological History of Climatology Physics account of the 20th century
- Sunpreview annual and global weather projects
- NOAA Weather Service
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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