Synthetic cannabinoids are classes of molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body - receptors similar to cannabinoids in cannabis plants, such as THC and CBD-attach. Synthetic kanabinoid is also a designer drug that is often sprayed into plant material. They are usually consumed through smoking, although recently they have been consumed in concentrated liquid form in the US and UK. They have been marketed as herbal incense, or "herbal smoking mixtures" and sold under common names such as K2, Spice, and Synthetic Marijuana. They are also often labeled "not for human consumption."
When synthetic cannabinoid blends were first sold in early 2000, it was estimated that they achieved psychoactive effects through natural herbal mixtures. Laboratory analysis in 2008 showed that this was not the case, and many actually contained synthetic cannabinoids. Today, synthetic cannabinoids are the most common new psychoactive substances to be reported. From 2008 to 2014, 142 synthetic kanabinoids were reported to the European Drug and Drug Administration (EMCDDA). Various large and complex synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an effort to avoid legal restrictions on marijuana, creating a synthetic cannabinoid designer.
Most synthetic cannabinoids are canabinoid receptor agonists, and many have been designed on the basis of THC, a natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity in CB receptors 1 , associated with psychoactive or "high" effects. "of marijuana These synthetic analogs often have greater binding affinities and greater potential for CB receptors 1 There are several synthetic cannabinoid families (eg CP-xxx, WIN-xxx, JWH- xxx, UR-xxx, and PB-xx) are classified based on the basic structure.
Negative effects reported by users include palpitations, paranoia, intense anxiety, nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor coordination, and seizures. There are also reports of strong encouragement for repeated doses, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent desires. There are several deaths associated with synthetic cannabinoids. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that the number of deaths due to synthetic cannabinoid usage increased threefold between 2014 and 2015.
Video Synthetic cannabinoids
Names of naming kanabinoids
Many early synthetic cannabinoids synthesized for use in research are well-named by scientists who first synthesized them or the institutions or companies they came from. For example, the JWH compound was named after John W. Huffman and the AM compound named Alexandros Makriyannis, the scientists who first synthesized the kanabinoid. The HU compound was named after Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the institution where they were first synthesized, and the CP compound was named after Carl Pfizer, the company they first synthesized.
Some synthetic cannabinoids names synthesized for recreational use are named to help market the product. For example, the AKB-48 is a popular Japanese girl band name; 2NE1 is a South Korean woman band name; and XLR-11 was named after the first liquid-fuel rockets developed by USA for aircraft. Now many synthetic cannabinoids are named after their chemical names. For example, APICA (also known as 2NE1) is derived from N- (1-adamantyl) -1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide and APINACA (also known as AKB-48) derived from N- (1-adamantyl) -1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.
Common names
The use of the term "synthetic marijuana" to describe products containing synthetic kanabinoids is still controversial and, according to Dr. Lewis Nelson, a medical toxicologist at the NYU School of Medicine, misjudged. Nelson claims that relative to marijuana, a product containing synthetic cannabinoids "is completely different, and the effect is much more unexpected. Because the synthetic term does not apply to plants, but rather to plant-containing cannabinoids (THC), the term synthetic cannabinoids is more appropriate.
Synthetic kanabinoids are known by a number of brand names including K2, Spice, Black Mamba, Bombay Blue, Genie, Zohai, Banana Cream Nuke, Krypton, Lava Red, and more. They are often called "synthetic marijuana," "natural herbs," "herbal incense," or "mixed herbal smoking" and are often labeled "not for human consumption." They are increasingly being offered in the form of e-cigarette as "c-liquid" with brand names like Kronic.
According to the Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Project, synthetic cannabinoids, sold under the trademark "Spice," were first released in 2005 by the now-inactive company The Psyche Deli in London, England. In 2006, this brand gained popularity. According to the Financial Times, the assets of The Psyche Deli rose from Ã, Â £ 65,000 in 2006 to Ã, Â £ 899,000 in 2007. EMCDDA reported in 2009 that Spice products were identified in 21 out of 30 countries participate..
Maps Synthetic cannabinoids
Usage
Synthetic kanabinoids were originally used for cannabinoid studies focused on tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive and analgesic compounds found in marijuana plants. Synthetic kanabinoids are used in part due to legal restrictions on natural cannabinoids, which makes it extremely difficult to obtain for research. Tritium-labeled kanabinoids such as CP-55,940 were instrumental in finding cannabinoid receptors in the early 1990s.
Some early synthetic cannabinoids are also used in the clinic. Nabilone, the first generation synthetic THC analog, has been used as an antiemetic, drug for fighting vomiting and nausea since 1981. THC synthesis (marinol, dronabinol) has been used as an antiemetic since 1985 and has been an appetite stimulant since 1991.
In early 2000, synthetic cannabinoids began to be used for drug use in an attempt to get a similar effect to cannabis. Because synthetic kanabinoids have different molecular structures with THC and other illegal kanabinoids, synthetic kanabinoids are technically legal, or at least not illegal, for sale or possession. Since the discovery of the use of synthetic cannabinoids for recreational use in 2008, some synthetic cannabinoids have been made illegal, but new analogs continue to be synthesized that overcome these constraints. Synthetic kanabinoids have also been used in recreation because they are cheap and usually not identified by standard cannabis tests. Unlike nabilone, synthetic cannabinoids found to be used for recreational use do not have a documented therapeutic effect.
Toxicity
There are no cases of fatal overdoses associated with marijuana, but the deaths associated with synthetic cannabinoids are increasing. CDC found that the number of deaths due to synthetic cannabinoid usage increased threefold between 2014 and 2015. These drugs are dangerous because they are more potent than marijuana, and because of the large number of different structures that are under the same common name, users often do not realize what they get and how strong it is. For example,? 9 -THC has EC 50 of 250 nM in CB 1 and 1157 nM in CB 2 , whereas PB- 22 has EC 50 of 5.1 nM in CB 1 and 37 nM in CB 2 .
No formal studies have been conducted on the effects of synthetic cannabinoids in humans (as is often the case with illegal and potentially toxic compounds); However, user reports and effects experienced by patients seeking medical care after using synthetic cannabinoids have been published. Each of the many different synthetic cannabinoids can have different effects, especially different effects at different doses. Some of the negative effects of 5F-PB-22 reported by the user include nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor coordination, anxiety, and seizures. Some of the negative effects of 5F-AKB-48 are reported by users including palpitations, paranoia, intense anxiety, and burning plastic-like flavor. The CDC noted the negative effects of synthetic cannabinoid overdose between 2010 and 2015 and 277 overdose drug patients reporting synthetic kanabinoids as sole agents, 66.1% reported problems with the central nervous system (eg, agitation, coma, toxic psychosis), 17% reported problems cardiovascular disease (eg, tachycardia, bradycardia), 7.6% reported pulmonary problems (5.4% of whom had respiratory depression), and 4% reported acute kidney injury.
There are also reports of strong impulses for re-dosing, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent cravings that last up to a week after taking synthetic cannabinoids, suggesting that synthetic cannabinoids may be much more addictive than marijuana. Greater addiction and more severe adverse effects of synthetic cannabinoids compared to marijuana are thought to derive from the fact that many synthetic cannabinoids are a full agonist for cannabinoids receptors, CB 1 and CB 2 , compared with THC, which is only a partial agonist. It has also been seen that phase 1 metabolism of JWH-018 produces at least nine monohydroxylated metabolites, three of which have been shown to be full CB receptor agonists 1 , compared with THC metabolism. , which produces only one psychoactive monohydroxylated metabolite. This can further explain the increased synthetic toxicity of cannabinoids compared with THC.
Four postmortem cases associated with synthetic cannabinoids 5F-PB-22 have been reviewed. The postmortem blood specimen contains a range of 1.1-1.5 ng/mL 5F-PB-22. Three of the four cases are sudden episodes and the symptoms that cause death include acute shortness of breath; vasocongestion in the liver, spleen, and kidney; bilateral pulmonary edema; inflamed tissue death (inflammation of granulomatous necrosis); and congestion of most internal organs. The fourth case was presented to a hospital with severe problems that worsened for one day, ending with circulation, respiration, central nervous system, and kidney failure.
Psychosis
Studies are currently available that show the relationship between synthetic cannabinoids and psychosis. The use of synthetic cannabinoids can be attributed to psychosis and doctors begin to investigate if some patients with unexplained psychotic symptoms may at one point use synthetic cannabinoids. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state caused by the use of synthetic cannabinoids has been reported, in some cases, persisting for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete discontinuation of drug use. Several studies have shown that synthetic cannabinoids can not only induce psychosis, but may aggravate previous psychotic disorders and may trigger long-term chronic psychotic disorders among susceptible individuals such as those with a family history of mental illness. Individuals with risk factors for psychotic disorders are often counseled against the use of synthetic cannabinoids. Psychiatrists have suggested that lack of antipsychotic chemicals, such as CBD in natural marijuana, can make synthetic kanabinoids more likely to induce psychosis than natural cannabis.
Contents of synthetic cannabinoid mix
Just as synthetic cannabinoids are used differently between each synthetic cannabinoid product sold, as well as other ingredients of "herbal mixtures." The package of synthetic cannabinoid products can be claimed to contain a variety of plants including alfalfa, violet blue, nettle leaves, marsh mallow, rosehip, water or blue lily, honeyweed, dwarf skullcap, and others. Often, no listed material has been detected. It is often difficult to determine what is in this product because masking agents, such as tocopherol (vitamin E), eugenol, and fatty acids, are added to the identification of assimilation. Most products consist of synthetic cannabinoids sprayed into inert vegetable ingredients, but some contain other psychoactive substances, including psychoactive herbs, for example, "Wild Dagga" and "Indian Warrior," and psychoactive alkaloids, for example, courier, aporphine, leonurine, nuciferine , and nicotine. Several synthetic cannabinoids products have also been found to contain synthetic opioids including O -desmethyltramadol and AH-7921. In 2010, nine people died from a combination of O -desmethyltramadol, opioids and analgesic drugs, and Kratom, an Asian medicinal plant containing mitragynine, another agonist -opioid, in a synthetic cannabinoid product called "Krypton. " In 2013, AH-7921 was detected in a cigarette mix in Japan.
One of the most common non-cannabinoid ingredients in this product is oleamide, a fatty acid derivative that acts similar to cannabinoids and has hypnotic properties. Other non-cannabinoid substances that have been found in synthetic cannabinoid mixtures include harmine and harmaline, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which have been found with miristicin and asarone; substituted cathinone derivative drugs such as 4-methylbuphedrone and 4'-methyl-alpha-PPP; and psychedelic tryptamine derivatives such as 4-OH-DET.
On April 5, 2018, the CDC issued a Clinical Action warning to healthcare providers across the United States who advised 89 confirmed cases of "seriously unexplained bleeding" in Illinois. Cases are still being studied; However, 63 patients reported use of synthetic cannabinoids, and laboratory analysis confirmed brodifacoum, a rat toxin that causes bleeding, is present in at least 18 patients. This has led to the CDC claiming that "the working hypothesis is synthetic kanabinoida contaminated with brodifacoum." On April 24, 2018, 153 cases, including four deaths, associated with the outbreak have been reported to the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) since March 7, 2018.
Structural classification
There are five main categories for synthetic cannabinoids: classical cannabinoids, non-classic cannabinoids, hybrid cannabinoids, aminoalkilindoles, and eicosanoids. The classical Kanabinoids is an THC analogue based on a dibenzopiran ring. They were developed starting in the 1960s, after THC isolation, and initially only synthesized cannabinoids. Classic kanabinoids include nabilone and dronabinol, and one of the best known synthetic classical cannabinoids is HU-210. HU-210 is the first chiral compound synthesized by Raphael Mechoulam at Hebrew University in the 1980s. Found on herbal incense products by US Customs and Border Protection in January 2009; However, classical cannabinoids are not often seen in synthetic cannabinoid blends for recreational use, possibly because it is difficult to synthesize.
Non-classical kanabinoids include cyclohexylphenol (CP), which was first synthesized in the late 1970s to the 1980s by Pfizer as a potential analgesic. Homolog C8 CP-47,497 (CP-47,497-C8) is one of the first synthetic cannabinoids used recreationally. CP-47,497-C8 is made by extending the dimethylheptile side chain from CP-47,497 to the dimethyloctyl side chain. It was discovered by forensic scientists in a mixture of herbs known as "Spice" in 2008, along with JWH-018, an aminoalkylindole.
Hybrid cannabinoids have a combination of classical and non-classic cannabinoid structural features. For example, AM-4030, a HU-210 derivative, is a hybrid cannabinoid because it has a common classical cannabinoid dibenzopirate ring and an aliphatic hydroxyl group common in CP families of nonclassical cannabinoids.
Aminoalkilindoles are structurally distinct from THC and include naphthoylindoles (JWH-018), phenylacetylindoles (JWH-250), and benzoylindoles (AM-2233). Aminoalkylindoles is considered the most common synthetic kanabinoid found in synthetic cannabinoid blends, probably due to the fact that these molecules are more easily synthesized than classical and non-classical cannabinoids. The JWH molecule was first synthesized by Professor John William Huffman at Clemson University in the late 1990s. The FBI concludes in a memo 2012 that as a result of the publication of J.W. Huffman's research, people looking for "marijuana-like-high" will follow the recipe and method.
Synthetic cannabinoids Eicosanoids are analogous to endocannabinoids, such as anandamide. Endocannabinoids are cannabinoids that occur naturally in the body. One of the best known synthetic anandamide analogs is methanandamide.
The recently emerging synthetic kanabinoids have a greater structural diversity, likely to subvert the rule of law in the early generation of synthetic kanabinoids. There are several different structural classifications of synthetic cannabinoids that include many new structures, some of which are shown in Table 1. Carboxamide indazole groups, including APINACA (AKB-48), adamantyl indazole carboxamide, and AB-PINACA, aminocarbonyl indazole carboxamide, are examples a new group of synthetic cannabinoids. Most underground producers and producers make only minor changes to the synthetic cannabinoid structure, such as converting indoles into indazole structures (AM-2201 to THJ-2201) or terminal fluorine replacement; However, an unprecedented group when discovered by forensic scientists in 2013, is the synthetic cannabinoid quinolinyl ester.
PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 are the first synthetic cannabinoids that include the quinoline substructure and the ester relationship. These compounds are thought to have been synthesized with the aim of producing synthetic cannabinoid producers, which can increase absorption and confusion detection. Esther bonds readily decompose naturally through spontaneous or endogenous, nonspecific esterase hydrolysis, which has been commonly used in medical chemicals to make ester prodrugs. The reasons for quinolone substructure changes are unknown, but may have been found to be a suitable substitute for the part of naphthoyl currently regulated by US scheduling laws.
Although most synthetic cannabinoids are not a direct analog of THC, they share many common features with THC. Most are small, fat-soluble, non-polar (usually 20-26 carbon atoms) molecules that are fairly volatile, making them "suckable," such as THC. Another common feature of most synthetic kanabinoids and THC is the side chain of saturated 5-9 carbon. It has been found that these 5-9 carbon chains are required for optimal psychotropic activity from binding to CB receptors 1 . Also, most synthetic cannabinoids are the agonists of both cannabinoid receptors, CB 1 and CB 2 , such as THC; However, they often have a greater binding affinity and therefore greater potential than THC, as seen in Table 2. Due to the greater potential, standard doses of many synthetic cannabinoids may be less than 1 mg.
Stereospecificity
Most classical, non-classic, and hybrid cannabinoids have stereospecificity (one stereoisomer is usually much stronger than the other). For example, HU-210 is (-) an enantiomer of 11-OH -? 8 -THC-DMH and full receptor agonist CB 1 ; () enantiomers of 11-OH-D 8 -THC-DMH, known as HU-211, are NMDA receptor antagonists and largely inactive as cannabinoids. On the other hand, aminoalkylindoles, eicosanoids, and other new synthetic cannabinoid groups usually have no asymmetric centers, so they are usually not stereospecific.
Fluorination carbon terminal
Recently there has been an increase in the emergence of fluorinated synthetic cannabinoids, such as 5F-PB-22 (fluorinated versions of PB-22) and XLR-11 (fluorinated versions of UR-144). The South Korean National Forensic Service reports that 90% of all synthetic cannabinoids seized in 2013 are fluorinated, compared with no fluorinated synthetic cannabinoids reported in 2010. 5F-derivation (terminal fluorination) of synthetic cannabinoids has been found around 2-5 times stronger on CB receptors 1 than their non-fluorinated counterparts, as shown in Table 2.
Detection in body fluids
Synthetic cannabinoids are usually not identified by standard cannabis drugs including immunoassay (EMIT) tests, GC-MS screening, and multi-target screening by LC-GC/MS because they only detect THC and its metabolites. Although most synthetic cannabinoids are analogue THC, they are structurally quite different so, for example, specific antibodies in EMIT for cannabis do not bind them. Also, because of their high potential, very small doses of synthetic cannabinoids are used; In addition, synthetic cannabinoids are highly metabolized by the body, so windows to detect parent drugs (synthetic cannabinoids themselves) in blood and oral fluids are very small.
The concentration of serum synthetic cannabinoids is generally in the range of 1-10 g/L during the first few hours after recreational use and metabolites are usually present in urine at the same concentration. Few drugs have no parent present in the urine, so there is a lot of research to try and identify the major urinary metabolites that can be used as markers of synthetic cannabinoid intake. The major urinary metabolism in many cases is formed by the oxidation of the alkyl side chain into alcohols and carboxylic acids followed by glucuronide conjugation as well as by N-dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation. For example, the main metabolite of JWH-018, where there are more than 20, includes carboxylation, monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated and trihydroxylated metabolites, but mostly excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugate. The presence of synthetic cannabinoids or their metabolites in body fluids can be determined using a commercially available immunoassay screening method (EMIT), whereas liquid chromatography mass spectrometry is most commonly used for confirmation and quantization. There are commercially available EMIT kits for playback of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-398, JWH-200, JWH-019, JWH-122, JWH-081, JWH-250, JWH-203, CP -47,497 , CP-47,497-C8, HU-210, HU-211, AM-2201, AM-694, RCS-4, and RCS-8 through companies such as NMS Labs, Cayman Chemical, and Immunoanalysis Corporation.
Legal restrictions and regional availability
Europe
Austria
The Austrian Ministry of Health announced on December 18, 2008 that Spice will be controlled under Paragraph 78 of their drug laws on the grounds that it contains active substances that affect body function, and the legality of JWH-018 is under review.
German
JWH-018, CP 47.497 and homologists C6, C8 and C9 of CP 47,497 have been illegal in Germany since January 22, 2009. Since November 26, 2016 all substances belonging to the synthetic cannabinoid group are illegal in Germany.
Finnish
The spice mixture is classified as a drug in Finland, and, therefore, it is illegal to order it without a prescription. In practice, it is impossible to get a prescription.
French
JWH-018, CP 47,497 (and its homology), and HU-210 were all illegal in France on February 24, 2009.
ireland
From June 2010, JWH-018, along with various other designer drugs, has been illegal.
Latvian
JWH-018, JWH-073, CP 47,497 (and homology), and HU-210 and leonotis leonurus have been banned in Latvia since 2005. After the first confirmed confirmed deaths from legal drug use at the end 2013, parliament significantly increases the number of prohibited substances used in Spice and similar preparations. On April 3, 2014, the parliament made the sale of illegal substances temporarily as a crime.
Polish
JWH-018 and many of the ingredients mentioned in the list of spice and similar preparations were made illegal in May 2009. The bill was passed by the Polish Sejm and the Polish Senate and signed by the President.
Romanian
Spices were made illegal in Romania on February 15, 2010.
Russian
On April 9, 2009, the Chief Medical Officer of the Russian Federation issued a resolution to strengthen control over the sale of cigarette mixtures. This mixture, marketed under the trade names AM-HI-CO, Dream, Spice (Gold, Diamond), Zoom, Ex-ses, YucatÃÆ'¡n Fire and others, have been declared to contain Salvia divinorum, Hawaiian Wood rose, and blue lotus, and prohibited from sale. These substances have been found to have "psychotropic effects, narcotics, containing toxic components and are a potential threat to humans". The resolution does not mention JWH-018 or any other synthetic cannabinoids. On January 14, 2010, the Russian government issued a statement including 23 synthetic cannabinoids found in the smoking mix Hawaiian Rose and Blue Lotus on the list of illegal narcotics and psychotropic substances.
About 780 new psychoactive substances are added to the list from 2011 to 2014. Drug manufacturers avoid all restrictions by making minor changes to drugs. In the autumn of 2014, more than two thousand Spice consumers in Russia sought medical treatment, a thousand people were hospitalized, and 40 died On October 30, 2014, President Vladimir Putin brought bills that increased the penalty for selling or consuming cigarette mixtures from fines to eight years in prison.
Slovakia
Legal spices in Slovakia. The National Anti-Drug Unit is considering adding it to the list of controlled substances. The latest anti-drug drug version (468/2009) effective since January 2010 did not mention Spice's active compound.
Spanish
Spices are not set in Spain. For this reason, Spice is available in grocery stores or marijuana-related stores, and it can be purchased and shipped online without legal restrictions from such stores. However, since Spanish law allows growing up to two cannabis plants per household, and the possession and consumption of marijuana on private property is also legal, alternative marijuana such as Spice is largely excessive and thus remains relatively unknown in Spain.
Swedish
CP 47,497-C6, CP 47,497-C8, CP 47,497-C8, CP 47,497-C9, JWH-018, JWH-073 and HU-210 are all illegal in Sweden on September 15, 2009. The invoice received on July 30, 2009 and put into effect on September 15, 2009.
Swiss
Spices have been banned in Switzerland.
Turkish
Spices, daily called bonzai in Turkey, were added to the list of drugs and psychotropic substances as of July 1, 2011 by law number as 2011/1310 B.K.K. (February 13, 2011 and State Gazette Number 27845).
United Kingdom
Many legal kanabinoids in the UK until December 2009, when classified as Class B drugs. The UK continues to ban new synthetic cannabinoids when they come to market but they are usually replaced instantly by new alternatives. In May 2016, the Psychoactive Laws Act came into force, intending to limit the production, sale, and supply of new psychoactive substances.
North America
Canada
Spices are not specifically prohibited in Canada, but synthetic marijuana reproductions are listed as drug schedule II. Schedule II for the Controlled Drug and Materials Act refers to specific synthetic compounds JWH-XXX and AM-XXXX, although not limited to those identified. Health Canada is debating the subject.
United States
The case of David Mitchell Rozga, an American teenager from Indianola, Iowa, brought international attention to K2. Rozga shot his own head with a family-owned hunting rifle in a suicide case on June 6, 2010. After the news of Rozga's death, it was reported by friends that they had smoked K2 with Rozga about an hour before his death. The nature of death and its reports from many family members, has led investigators to suspect that the possibility of Rozga being under the influence of substance that changed his mind, at the time of his death. Rozga's death has been used as the face of political lobbying against the continuation of K2, and other legal synthetic drugs, such as bath salts. After the incident, action to ban the use and distribution of the drug was proposed by US Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa as "David Mitchell Rozga Act". It was approved in legislation by the United States Congress in June 2011. On July 10, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Law on Prevention of Synthetic Drug Abuse 2012 into law. It prohibits the synthetic compounds commonly found in synthetic marijuana, placing them under Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act.
Prior to that, some compounds in synthetic marijuana imitate (HU-210) are scheduled in the US under federal law, while others (JWH-073) have been scheduled temporarily until the final determination of their status can be made. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) considers it a "worrying drug", citing "... a surge in emergency room visits and calls to poison control centers." The adverse health effects associated with its use include seizures, hallucinations, paranoid behavior, agitation , anxiety, nausea, vomiting, racing heart rate, and high blood pressure. "
Some countries independently endorsed actions that made it illegal under state law, including Kansas in March 2010, Georgia and Alabama in May 2010, Tennessee and Missouri in July 2010, Louisiana in August 2010, Mississippi in September 2010, and Iowa. Emergency orders passed in Arkansas in July 2010 banned sales to mimic synthetic marijuana. In October 2010, the Oregon Board of Pharmacy enrolled synthetic cannabinoid chemicals on Schedule 1 of the controlled substance, meaning that the sale and possession of these substances is illegal under Uniform Oregon Uniform Act Act. According to the National Conference of Legislative States, several other countries are also considering legislation, including New Jersey, New York, Florida, and Ohio. Illinois passed a law on July 27, 2010 banning all synthetic kanabinoids from January 1, 2011. Michigan banned synthetic kanabinoids in October 2010, and the South Dakota Legislature passed a ban on these products that were signed into law by Governor Dennis Daugaard on 23 February 2012 (and which is immediately applicable under state constitution emergency clause). Indiana banned synthetic kanabinoids in laws that became effective in March 2012. North Carolina forbids mimicking synthetic marijuana by the unanimous state senate, due to concerns that its contents and effects are quite similar to marijuana, and can cause similar effects in terms of psychological dependence.
The following cases in Japan involving the use of synthetic cannabinoids by naval personnel, soldiers and marine corps resulted in official bans against him, a general injunction issued on January 4, 2010 by the Marine Corps, forbids true or attempted ownership of the Marine Corps. , use, sale, distribution and manufacture of synthetic marijuana imitate as well as any derivatives, analogs or variants of it. On June 8, 2010, the US Air Force issued a memorandum prohibiting the ownership and use of Spice, or other mood-altering substances except alcohol or tobacco, among its service members.
On November 24, 2010, DEA announced that it would make JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP-47,497, and cannabicyclohexanol, often found in mimic synthetic marijuana, illegally using emergency power. They will be placed in Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act, within a month of the announcement, and the ban will last for at least a year. The temporary ban, at least for one year, entered into force on 1 March 2011.
On October 20, 2011, the Louisiana State University football program announced that it has suspended three players, including the star cornerback Tyrann Mathieu, who tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids.
In July 2016, more than 33 people allegedly overdosed on K2 and rushed to the hospital. Police invaded 5 Brooklyn bodegas to search for synthetic cannabinoids.
In April 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a warning stating that synthetic cannabinoids in the Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Missouri and Wisconsin areas were contaminated with brodifacoum, which caused 2 deaths and 94 hospitalizations.
South America
Chile
Chile's Health Ministry on April 24, 2009, said the sale of synthetic marijuana imitations is illegal.
Asia
South Korea
South Korea officially added JWH-018, CP 47,497 and HU-210 to the list of substances controlled on July 1, 2009, effectively making these chemicals illegal.
Japanese
Japan has banned JWH-018, CP 47, 497, and homologous, and HU-210 since October 2009.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has stated that Spice is an illegal substance and the ownership or intention to sell is a breach available.
Australasia
Australia
On June 17, 2011, the Western Australia government banned all synthetic kanabinoids found in existing products, including brands such as Kronic, Kalma, Voodoo, Kaos, and Mango Kush. Western Australia is the first state in Australia to ban the sale of certain synthetic kanabinoids. On June 18, 2013, the temporary ban makes a huge list of synthetic product brands and synthetic substances for sale anywhere in Australia. The ban ends on October 13, 2013, and a permanent ban has not been enacted. Synthetic kanabinoids and related products remain illegal in NSW, where bills are legalized on September 18, 2013, which prohibits the whole family of synthetic drugs, not just bans existing compounds that have been identified. The introduction of this law makes NSW the first state in Australia that actually prohibits substances with psychoactive properties.
New Zealand
The illegal spice in New Zealand is classified as controlled Class C drugs. New Zealand's parliament passed a law in July 2013 banning the highest legal sale in dairies and supermarkets, but allowing some "low-risk" drugs to go on sale through licensed specialty stores. Synthetic kanabinoids, as well as all other legal highs were banned at midnight on May 7, 2014, after the law was passed one week earlier by the New Zealand government.
An analysis of 41 different commercially sold synthetic marijuana mixtures in New Zealand, conducted by the Institute for Environmental Science and Research and released in July 2011, found 11 different synthetic cannabinoid materials used, including JWH-018, JWH-073 , AM-694, AM-2201, RCS-4, RCS-4 butyl homolog, JWH-210, JWH-081, JWH-250 (or possibly JWH-302, unspecified isomers), JWH-203, and JWH-122 - with between one and five different active ingredients, although JWH-018 is present in 37 of the 41 mixtures tested. In the two brands, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam drug was also found, classified as prescription drugs in New Zealand, and these brands were ordered to be excluded from the market with emergency withdrawal. Since this time, further 15 cannabinoid compounds have been detected as synthetic marijuana materials mimicking mixes in New Zealand and banned as temporary class drugs. In 2013, another hypnotic drug, zaleplon, was found to have been used as an active ingredient in a mixture that has been sold in New Zealand during 2011 and 2012.
See also
- List of designer drugs Ã,§ Synthetic kanabinoids
- Designer Drug
- Cannabinoid Receptor
- Cannabinoid
- Added endokannabinoid
- The endocannabinoid system
- Structural scheduling of synthetic cannabinoids
- Tetrahydrocannabinol
References
External links
- Erowid
- Synthetic cannabinoid profile at the European Drugs and Narcotics Monitoring Center
- An interactive model to help understand the structure of synthetic cannabinoids
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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