Summer time in the United States is the practice of setting an hour-forward hour during the warmer season of the year, so the evenings have more sunshine and fewer mornings. Most areas of the United States observe daylight saving time (DST), the exception is Arizona (except Navajo, which observes summer time in tribal land), Hawaii, and the overseas territory of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Islands Virgin United States. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 establishes a uniform system of Uniform Summer Time across the United States.
In the US, the summer time starts on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November, with a change of time at 2:00. With mnemonic word play referring to the season, clocks "spring forward, fall back" - that is, in the spring, the clock moves forward from 2:00 to 3:00 in the morning and in the fall they are moved back from 2:00. 1:00? Daylight saving time lasts for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) each year, about 65% of the entire year.
The following table lists the start and end dates of the daylight saving time in the past and future in the United States:
Video Daylight saving time in the United States
History of DST in the United States
Benjamin Franklin proposed a daylight form in 1784. His essay, "The Economical Project for Reducing the Cost of Light", written for editor of The Journal of Paris, observes that Parisians can save wax by getting out of bed early in morning, utilizing natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to be more a joke than a real proposal, and nothing comes from him.
1916-1966: Inconsistent initial usage
During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing the DST on May 1, 1916. Other European countries soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time of Act of 19 March 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and arranged the summer DST to commence on 31 March 1918 (cancellation October 27). The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished the DST after the war, ruling out President Woodrow Wilson's veto. DST became a local choice and was observed in several states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted DST throughout the year, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942. It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September. 1945. After 1945 many states and towns east of the Mississippi River (and most northern Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted the summer DST.
From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law in the summer, so the location could choose when it started and ended or dropped entirely. In 1954, only California and Nevada had DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St.. Louis. In the Official 1964 Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 adjacent states have no DST anywhere.
1966-1972: Defined federal standards
In 1962, the transportation industry found a lack of consistently confusing enough to push federal regulation. The result is the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the measure required a standard time within the designated time zone and is provided for advanced time: the hour will advance one hour starting at 2:00 am on the last Sunday in April and turning an hour at 2:00 am on Sunday then in October. Countries are permitted to free themselves from DST as long as the whole country does so. If a country chooses to observe DST, a change of time is required to start and end on a specified date. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to break free from DST (Michigan will begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the law was amended (P.L. 92-267), which allowed the states to separate between time zones to free either the entire state or parts of the country that were in different time zones. The newly created Department of Transport (DOT) is given the power to enforce the law. In 2014, these states and territories did not observe DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
1973-1975: Year-round experiment
During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries of Arabia (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress passed the DST probation period throughout the year (PL 93-182), from 6 January 1974, and ended April 27, 1975. warmly debated. Those in favor showed increased daylight hours on summer evenings: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and warming demands, reduced crime, and reduced car accidents. The opposition is worried about children going to school in the dark. The action was changed in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to the standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when the DST was continued. When the trial ended in 1975, the state returned to observe the summer DST (with the exception mentioned above).
1975-1986: Extension of summer time
DOT, evaluated the March DST renewal plan, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits can be realized with the transition from the six-month historical DST (May to October) in the areas of energy conservation, overall traffic security, and violence reduction. crime." However, the DOT also reports that these benefits are minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.
Congress then requested the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today's NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. His report, "Overview and Technical Evaluation of DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic deaths. He found statistically significant evidence of an increase in mortality among school-age children in the morning over a four-month period from January to April 1974 compared to the same period (non-DST) in 1973. NBS stated that it is impossible to determine, what , if any, this increase is due to DST. When these data were compared between 1973 and 1974 for March and April, no significant differences were found in fatalities among school-age children in the morning.
In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Law by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having a final final stay of the last Sunday in October. This start and end date is valid from 1987 to 2006. The time is adjusted at 2:00 local time.
2005-2009: Second extension
With the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States from 2007. Since that year, DST starts on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In the years when April 1st fell on Mondays to Wednesdays, this change resulted in a five-week longer DST period; in all other years, the DST period is four weeks longer. In 2008, the summer time ended at 2:00 AM (0200) (01:00 GMT) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 begins at 2:00 pm (3:00 pm) on Sunday, March 8..
Under Article 110 of the Act, the US Department of Energy is required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change takes effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a national electricity savings of 0.03% for 2007.
An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 adoption of DST in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting decreased as a result of DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased 2% to 4%. The cost for an average Indiana household from DST adoption is set to $ 3.29 per year, for aggregate costs of $ 1.7 million to $ 5.5 million per year.
The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the expansion of daylight savings under the law of 2005, which increases the amount of spending and trading from after work at night. In the golf industry, the group recorded a remarkable increase in "$ 200 million in sales of additional golf clubs and green fees". The extension of Daylight's Saving also has an important impact on the sale of Halloween and candy. Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton recommend an extension from October to November especially to allow children to do trick-or-treat during the day. In some areas, the summer extension in March and November has pushed back to 8:30 am.
Maps Daylight saving time in the United States
Procedures for modification
Change the area time zone
According to the Standard Time Law of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, transferring a country or territory within a country from one time zone to another requires the DOT's rules. The governor or state legislature may submit a request to the state or part of the state; the highest elected officials in the region may make a request for the area. The standard in the law for such decisions is the convenience of trade in the area. Trade convenience is broadly defined to take into account such circumstances as delivery of goods within a society; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; areas where most of the population is working, attending school, worshiping, or receiving health care; location of airport, train, and bus station; and the main elements of the economy of society.
Upon receipt of a request to change the time zone, the DOT determines whether it meets the requirements of the mandatory minimum criteria before issuing notice about proposed drafting, asking for public comments and scheduling a public hearing. Typically, hearings are held in areas requiring change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comment is reviewed and the appropriate final action is taken. If the Secretary agrees that the legal requirements have been met, the changes are institutionalized, usually at subsequent changes to or from DST.
Move area or disable DST
Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area or disabling DST is done through legal action at the state level. Some states require temporary legislation while others require executive action such as the executive order of the governor. Information on procedures required in a particular country may be obtained from the state's legislative office or governor. While it may exclude itself, if a country decides to observe DST, the date of obedience must comply with federal law.
Local DST compliance
Alaska
Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has daylight most of the afternoon during the summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and disturbing. Another problem is that the single time zone on Alaska land, which is approaching the sun's time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a big difference between civil time and sun time for most states, with the afternoon sun going at 2:10 pm. in the Anchorage and Fairbanks population centers, and up to 3:23 pm. in places like Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, the sunset appears well after midnight civilians in the summer. Others argue that ending summer time will put Alaska five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.
In March 2015, the Alaska Senate passed a law, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end the summer time. Alaska House formed a sub-committee that will address the issue during the 2016 legislative session.
Arizona
Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exception law that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption law was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is largely due to efforts to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are one of the hottest metropolitan areas of the US during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers at home and business. An extra hour of sunlight while active people will cause people to run their cooling system longer, thus using more energy.
Reservations in Arizona
Navajo Indian Reserves extends to Utah and New Mexico and observes summer time. The Hopi reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.
California
The California Voters passed Proposition 12 in 1949, approving DST in the state. In February 2017, California State Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807, proposes to allow the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the whole year. However, Chu then suspended his bill in September 2017.
Florida
Summer time is less useful in Florida compared to other countries because its southern location causes less long variations of days between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for example, will experience the same sunsets and sunsets throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have been leaving DST for decades. Some are against DST in Florida. State Senator Bill Posey introduced the bill in March 2008 to eliminate daylight hours in the state and make Florida at standard time throughout the year. Since Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the country to standard time along the time zone boundary (i.e. placing the state portion in the Eastern time zone at the default time, leaving the section in the Central time zone on DST, have the same time). There is currently no state that maintains daylight during the year.
On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved a "Sunshine Protection Act" that would place Florida on the Daylight Saving Time summer, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress will need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow for change.
Hawaii
Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the 1967 Act provisions.
Due to Hawaiian tropical latitudes, there is not a great variation in the length of daylight between winter and summer. Advancing hours in Hawaii will make the sun rise near 7:00 am to June. Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the western tip of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai and Niihau lie more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone meridian and should, theoretically, be in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 the Hawaii standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)
On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill that placed Hawaii in the summer from the last Sunday in April (April 30 of that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was lifted three weeks later on the 21st May, 1933. During World War II between 9 February 1942 and 30 September 1945, Standard Time Hawaii advanced an hour to the so-called "Hawaiian War Time", which effectively placed the region during bright daylight.
Indiana
From 1970 to 2006, most of Indiana in the East Time Zone did not observe summer time, but the whole country began doing it in April 2006 after eight districts in western Indiana shifted from the Middle Zone to the Eastern Time Zone. One goal to observe DST is to get more of the Indiana region observing the same time zone; previously, 77 districts observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (unofficial EDT use), and 10 observed CST/CDT. By 2016, Indiana has 12 districts observing Central Town Time while the remaining 80 countries observe East Daylight. The countries that observe CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.
Michigan
In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted the law, Law 6 of the 1967 Public Story, freeing the country from DST obedience. The liberation law was adjourned on June 14, 1967, when a referendum was held. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed the DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The liberation law was handed over to voters at the General Elections held in November 1968, and, in a closed vote, the exclusion law was retained. As a result, Michigan did not observe the DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (CKLW radio station in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, is popular on both sides of the border and often provides both air, "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, the initiative step, overturning the exclusion law, was approved by the electorate. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so ever since.
The majority of Michigan are in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula bordering Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.
Nevada
By 2015, the Nevada Senate passes through the Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4, which urges Congress to enact laws allowing states to set summer time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This means that Nevada is at the same time as Arizona throughout the year, but it will be an hour earlier than California in the winter. The United States Congress has not enacted possible legislation in this regard.
Washington
In 2015, Rep Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) submitted a House bill to end the DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate. He told the House committee that a half-yearly time switch is not only uncomfortable but causes health problems and accidents due to missing sleep. He added that bills to lower summer time will reduce heart attacks, car accidents, and workplace accidents that are found to increase with sleep disorders disorder. Different Senate bill will petition the federal government for DST throughout the year. The bill was defeated.
More US locations
All US islands with civilian governments (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) are located in the tropics and do not observe DST.
While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, smaller American Samoa could not follow legally because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually winter in this southern hemisphere region.
Time zone
Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages ​​(such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow local timezone settings in the format (standard timezone abbreviation) UTC) (summer time zone limits) . This allows programming and programming languages ​​to perform calculations based on local time to more easily calculate the difference between local time and UTC, as well as to know whether the calculations should be changed during summer time. For example, the EST5EDT timezone setting indicates that the local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and must be adjusted for daylight saving time.
See also
General topics
- Summer time
- Summer time by country
- CHU distributes official time in Canada
- Time history in the United States includes a list of historical daylight savings dates back to 1918
Distributions waktu sipil resmi
- WWV Day WWVH (NIST Shortwave)
- WWVB (NIST Longwave)
Quasi-government time distribution system
- CDMA mobile phone strata 2 time distribution system
- Global navigation system GNSS 1 times distribution
References
External links
- Washington Post: An outline of state anti-DST initiatives by 2015
- Steverman, Ben (March 10, 2017). "Evidence of summer time is stupid, dangerous, and expensive". Boston Globe. Bloomberg News . Retrieved March 10, 2017 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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