Remote operation , or running endurance , is a form of continuous running for a distance of at least eight kilometers (5 miles). Physiologically, most are aerobic and require stamina and mental strength.
Among mammals, humans adapt well to sprinting significant distances, and especially among primates. The hypothesis of resilience shows that the resilience within the genus Homo occurs because travel in large areas increases the chances of scavenging and enables persistence hunting. Capacity for walking resistance is also found in ungulates migration and a number of terrestrial carnivores, such as dogs, wolves and hyenas.
In modern human society, long distance running has many goals: people may engage in it for physical exercise, for recreation, as a means of travel, for economic reasons, or for cultural reasons. Remote operation can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health. Running improves aerobic fitness by increasing the activity of enzymes and hormones that stimulate the muscles and heart to work more efficiently. Running endurance is often a component of physical military training and has been so historical. Running professionals is most commonly found in sports, although in pre-industrial times foot couriers will run to convey information to distant locations. Walking distance away as a form of tradition or ceremony known among the Hopi and Tarahumara people, among others. Running distance can also serve as a bonding exercise for family, friends, colleagues, and even associated with nation building. The social elements of long-distance running have been linked to performance improvements.
In athletic sports, remote events are defined as races covering three kilometers (1.86 miles) and above. The three most common types are running tracks, running paths and cross-country runs, all of which are determined by their terrain - tracks of all weather, roads and natural terrains, respectively. Long-distance tracks typically range from 3000 meters to 10,000 meters (6.2 miles), cross-country races typically cover 5 to 12 km (3 to 7 1/2 miles), while highways can be much longer, reaching 100 kilometers (60 miles) and outside. In racial cross-country colleges in the United States, men race 8000 or 10,000 meters, depending on their division, while women are racing 6.5 meters [2]. The Summer Olympics features three long-distance runs: 5000 meters, 10,000 meters and marathon (42,195 kilometers, or 26 miles and 385 meters). Since the late 1980s, Kenya, Morocco, and Ethiopia have dominated in international long-distance competitions. The height of the country's runners has been proven to help achieve more success. Mountain air, combined with endurance training, can cause an increase in red blood cells, allowing more oxygen to pass through your blood vessels. The majority of successful East African runners come from three mountain districts stretching along the Great Rift Valley.
Video Long-distance running
History
Prehistoric running
Hunting
Anthropological observations from the modern hunter-gatherer community have provided reports for long-distance running as a method of hunting between San Kalahari, American Indians and Australian Aborigines. In this method, hunters will run at slow and steady speeds between one hour and several days, in areas where animals have no place to hide. The animal, running fast, had to stop for breathlessness to cool itself, but because the chase went on it would not have enough time before it had to start running again, and after a while it would collapse from exhaustion and heat. The skeletal structure of a 12-year-old Nariokatome boy is recommended to prove that early humans from 1.5 million years ago consumed more meat and fewer crops, and were hunted by crashing animals.
Ancient history
With developments in agriculture and culture, long-distance running takes more purpose than hunting: religious ceremonies, conveying messages for military and political purposes, and sports.
Messengers
The Old Testament has several messenger names running to convey the message. For example, in 2 Samuel 18, two runners, Ahimaaz the son of Zadok and a Kushite ran to convey to King David the death of his son Absalom. In Jeremia 51: 31-32, two envoys ran to meet half to deliver a message about the loss of Babel: 31 One post will run to meet another, and one messenger to meet another, to show the king of Babylon that the city is taken at one end, 32 And that the readings were stopped, and the beams they had burned with fire, and those who fought were betrayed.
Running a messenger reported from early Sumer, named lasimu as a military man as well as the king's officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running. Ancient Greece is famous for its messengers, who are named hemerodromoi, meaning "day runners". One of the most famous ran messengers is Pheidippides, who according to legend ran from Marathon to Athens to declare the Greek victory over the Persians in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. He fainted and died when he delivered the message "we won". Although there is a debate surrounding the accuracy of this historical legend, does Pheidippides actually run from Marathon to Athens or between other cities, how far this is, and if he is the one who delivered the message of triumph, marathons run the 26.2 mil/42.195 event km based on this legend.
Maps Long-distance running
Long distance running physiology
Humans are regarded as the best sprinters among all animals running: game animals are faster than short distances, but they have lower endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are designed to walk on four legs or climb trees, the human body has evolved into an upright and walked about 2-3 million years ago. The human body can survive through long-distance runs through the following attributes:
- Structure of bones and muscles: unlike four-legged mammals, which have mass centers in front of the hind legs or limbs, in biped mammals including human centers of mass located just above the feet. This leads to different bone and muscle demands especially in the legs and pelvis.
- Metabolic heat dissipation: the ability of humans to cool the body by sweating through the surface of the body provides many benefits than panting through the mouth or nose. These include a larger surface of evaporation and the independence of the respiratory cycle.
One difference between walking upright and running is energy consumption during movement. While walking, humans use about half the energy needed to run. Evolutionary biologists believe that the human ability to run long distances has helped meat-eating humans to compete with other carnivores. Persistence of hunting is a method in which hunters use a combination of running, walking, and tracking to chase prey to the point of exhaustion. While humans can sweat to reduce body heat, their four-legged prey should slow down so as not to pant. The persistent hunting is still done by hunter-gatherers in the central Kalahari Desert in South Africa, and the documentary David Attenborough Mammal Life (program 10, "Food For Thought") shows a bushman hunting an antelope kudu to collapse.
Factor
Aerobic Capacity
A person's aerobic capacity or VO 2Max is the ability to extract and consume oxygen maximally during exhausting exercise. Long distance runners usually do about 75-85% of aerobic peak capacity, while close range runs closer to 100% peak.
Aerobic capacity depends on transporting large amounts of blood to and from the lungs to reach all tissues. This in turn depends on having a high cardiac output, sufficient hemoglobin levels in the blood, and an optimal vascular system to distribute blood. A 20-fold increase in local blood flow in skeletal muscle is required for endurance athletes, such as marathon runners, to meet their muscle oxygen requirements at maximum exercise up to 50 times greater than at rest.
Elite long distance runners often have larger hearts and reduced resting heart rates that allow them to reach larger aerobic capacity. Increased liver dimension allows an individual to achieve greater stroke volume. The decrease as stroke volume occurs with an initial increase in heart rate at the beginning of the exercise. Despite the increase in the heart dimension, the aeronic capacity of a marathon is limited to this closed and steadily declining heart rate.
The amount of oxygen that blood can carry depends on the volume of blood, which increases during the race, and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood.
Other physiological factors that affect the aeronic capacity of marathon runners include pulmonary diffusion, mitochondrial enzyme activity, and capillary density.
Runners running long-distance economies are their steady-state requirements for oxygen at certain speeds and help explain performance differences for runners with very similar aerobic capacity. This is often measured by the volume of oxygen consumed, either in liters or milliliters, per kilogram of body weight per minute (L/kg/min or mL/kg/min). By 2016 the physiological basis for this is uncertain, but it seems to depend on the cumulative years running, and reaching the limit for which longer individual training sessions can not be overcome.
Lactate threshold
The speed of distance runners on the lactate threshold is strongly correlated with its performance. The lactate threshold is the cross point between most aerobic energy use and anaerobic energy use and is considered a good indicator of the body's ability to efficiently process and transfer chemical energy into mechanical energy. For most runners, the aerobic zone does not start until about 120 heartbeats per minute. Lactate threshold training involves tempo training intended to build strength and speed, rather than increasing the efficiency of the cardiovasicutlar system in absorbing and transporting oxygen. By walking on your lactate threshold, your body will become more efficient at clearing lactic acid and reusing it to fill your muscles. Uncertainty exists in terms of how lactate threshold effects affect endurance performance.
Fuel
To maintain a high intensity run, a marathon runner must obtain sufficient glycogen stores. Glycogen can be found in skeletal muscle or liver. With low levels of glycogen storage at the start of the marathon, early thinning of these stores may reduce performance or even prevent completion of the race. The production of ATP through aerobic pathways may be further limited by the depletion of glycogen. Free Fatty Acids serve as a cost-effective mechanism for glycogen stores. The artificial enhancement of these fatty acids along with endurance training demonstrates the ability of marathon runners to maintain higher intensity for longer periods of time. The prolonged sustenance of running intensity is associated with a high turnover rate of fatty acids that allows runners to preserve future glycogen storage into the race.
Long distance runners generally practice carbohydrate loading in their training and race preparation.
Thermoregulation and loss of body fluids
Maintenance of core body temperature is critical to the performance and health of marathon runners. The inability to reduce the rise in core body temperature can lead to hyperthermia. To reduce body heat, metabolically generated heat needs to be removed from the body through sweat, which in turn requires rehydration to compensate. Limited fluid replacement but can help keep the body's internal temperature cooler. Physiologic fluid replacement is challenging during this intensity exercise because of inefficient emptying of the stomach. Partial fluid replacement can serve to avoid the body of marathon runners because of warming but not enough to compensate for fluid loss through evaporation of sweat. Environmental factors can be especially difficult to regulate heat.
Health impact
The impact of long-distance running on human health is generally positive. The various organs and systems in the human body are enhanced: increased bone mineral density, cholesterol lowered. However, beyond a certain point, negative consequences can occur. Male runners who run more than 40 miles (64 kilometers) per week face declining testosterone levels, although they are still within normal range. Running a marathon lowers testosterone levels by up to 50% in men, and more than twice the level of cortisol for 24 hours. Low testosterone is considered a physiological adaptation to exercise, because the excess muscle generated may be shed through the lower testosterone, resulting in a more efficient runner. Veterans, lifelong endurance athletes have been found to have more heart scarring than control groups, but larger replication and research studies should be undertaken to explicitly establish relationships, which may or may not be causal. Some studies found that running more than 20 miles (32 kilometers) per week did not result in lower risk for all-cause mortality than non-runners, but this study contradicts a large study showing longer life spans for any increase in exercise volume.
The effectiveness of shoe inserts has been contested. Memory foam and similar shoe inserts may be comfortable, but they can make leg muscles weaken in the long run. Running shoes with special features, or lack thereof in minimalist design, does not prevent injury. Conversely, comfortable shoes and standard running style is safer.
In sports
Many sports activities feature significant levels in running under prolonged game periods, especially during soccer sports such as football associations and rugby leagues. However, sustainable walking resistance is exclusively found in racing sports. Most are individual sports, although team and relay forms also exist.
The most prominent long-distance runs are grouped in athletic sports, where running competitions are held on tightly-defined courses and the fastest runners to complete distance wins. The most prominent types are long-distance running, road running and cross-country running. Both the track and the road race are usually time constrained, while cross country races are not always time constrained and usually only important placements. Other less popular variants such as falling running, running fast, running mounts and sprinting towers combine the challenge of distance with significant slope or altitude changes as part of the course.
Multisport races often include endurance runs. Triathlons, as defined by the International Triathlon Union, can feature walks ranging from five kilometers (3.1 mi) to marathon distances (42,195 kilometers, or 26 miles and 385 yards), depending on the type of race. Duathlon-related sports are a combination of cycling and long-distance running. Earlier versions of the modern pentathlon had a three or four kilometer run (1.9-2.5Ã, mi), but changes to official rules in 2008 meant that the current section was divided into three separate legs each one kilometer (0.6 mi).
Depending on rules and terrain, navigation sports such as foot orientation and rogaining may contain periods of endurance that run in competition. Adventure racing variants can also combine navigation skills and endurance running in this way.
Running competition
Track run
The history of long distance running was tied to stadiums and stadiums where they were held. The oval circuit allows the athlete to travel long distances in restricted areas. The initial tracks are usually on flat ground or only marked grass areas. The runway style became smoother during the 20th century: the oval running track was standardized up to 400 meters in distance and the cinder tracks were replaced by synthetic asphalt and rubber trails throughout the mid-1960s and beyond. It was not until the 1912 Stockholm Olympics that the standard 5000 meter and 10,000 meter long-distance events were introduced.
- The 5000 meters is the ultimate event that requires superior aerobic tactics and conditioning. Training for such an event can consist of a total of 60-200 kilometers (40-120 miles) a week, although training regimens vary widely. 5000 is often a popular beginner race for novice runners.
- The world record for men is 12: 37.35 (average 23.76 km/h) by Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia in Hengelo, The Netherlands on May 31, 2004
- The world record for women is 14: 11,15 (average 21,14 km/hour) by Tirunesh Dibaba from Ethiopia in Oslo, Norway on June 6, 2008
- 10,000 meters is the oldest standard track event. Most of those who follow such competitions also compete in street competitions and cross-country running.
- The world record for men is 26: 17.53 (22.83 km/h) by Kenenisa Bekele of Ethiopia set in 2005
- The world record for women is 29: 17.45 (20.48 km/h) by Almaz Ayana of Ethiopia set on August 12, 2016
- The one hour sprint is a contested race that is rarely contested, except in the pursuit of a world record.
- 20,000 meters is also rarely contested, most of the world records in 20,000 meters have been set while in an hour-long race.
Walking way
Long-distance running races are mainly done on paved or asphalt tracks, although large events often end up in main stadium lanes. In addition to being a public recreation sport, the elite level of sport - especially the marathon race - is one of the most popular aspects of athletics. Road race events can be very far, but the most common and famous are marathons, half marathons and 10 km run.
Running the road found its roots in pedestrian activity: the male servant who ran alongside the aristocratic carriages around the 18th century, and who also performed long-distance assignments for their master. The racing competition evolved from a bet between aristocrats, who pitted their feet with other aristocrats to determine the winner. The sport became professional when the footmen were hired exclusively for their athletic skills and began to dedicate their lives to training for gambling events. The amateur sport movement in the late 19th century marginalized the competition based on professional models, gambling. The Summer Olympics of 1896 witnessed the birth of a modern marathon and the event led to the growth of street competition through annual public events such as the Boston Marathon (first held in 1897) and Lake Biwa Marathon and Fukuoka Marathons, founded in the 1940s. The 1970's run boom in the United States made the way of running a common pastime and also increased its popularity in the elite level.
The Marathon is the only way to run the event featured at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics and the Summer Olympics, although there is also the IAAF Marathon Half World Championships held every two years. The Marathon is also the only path that runs the show featured at the IPC Athletic World Championships and Summer Paralympics. The World Marathon Major series includes six of the most prestigious marathon competitions at the Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, Tokyo and New York City elite levels. The Tokyo Marathon was recently added to World Marathon Major in 2012. (See also: List of marathon races)
The Ekiden contest - which comes from Japan and remains very popular there - is a variation of the relay race in the marathon, which is in contrast to the usually individual road sport.
Cross country running
Cross country running is the most naturalistic form of long-distance running in athletics because the competition takes place in open air fields above the surface such as grass, forest paths, earth or mountains. In contrast to relatively flat courses on tracks and road races, cross-country typically includes obstacles such as muddy sections, logs and mounds of soil. As a result of these factors, weather can play an integral role in racing conditions. Cross country is an individual sport and team, because runners are judged on the basis of individual and point valuation methods used for the team. The competition usually consists of 4 km (2.5 mi) or more which is usually held in autumn and winter. The most successful athletes in cross-country countries often compete in long-distance tracks and highway events as well.
The history of the sport is related to the game of chasing paper, or rabbits and dogs, where a group of runners will travel long distances to chase a leading runner, who leaves a trail of paper to follow him. The Crick Run in England in 1838 was the first recorded example of an organized cross-country competition. This sport gained popularity in the United Kingdom, then American schools in the 19th century and culminated in the creation of the first International Cross Country Championships in 1903. The annual IAAF World Cross World Championships were inaugurated in 1973 and this remains the highest level of competition for sport. A number of continuous cross-country competitions are held, with championships taking place in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, North America and South America. This sport maintains its status at the scholastic level, particularly in Britain and the United States. At a professional level, the ultimate competition is under the banner of the IAAF Cross Country License Meeting.
While cross-country competitions are no longer held at the Olympics, it has been featured in an athletic program from 1912-1924, has been present as one of the events in modern pentathlon competitions since the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Falling running, running and running mounts can be considered a variation across traditional country crossing that incorporates significant uphill and/or downhill sections as an additional challenge to the course.
Very long distance: expanded events and achievements
A number of events, notes, and achievements exist for long-distance runs, outside the context of track and field sports. This includes multiday racing, ultramaraton, and long-distance racing in extreme conditions or sizes of hundreds or thousands of miles.
Beyond this, stand-alone records and achievements, not ordinary events, exist for individuals who have achieved unique goals, such as running across or around the continent (see runner list: America, Australia) or run around the world.
See also
- Remote operation
- Running economy
- VO 2 max
- Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
- Paceband
- RarÃÆ'¡muri people
Notes and references
External links
- The World of Runners
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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