The history of Oakland , a city in the Alameda area of ​​California, can be traced back to the settlement establishment by Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon in the 19th century. The area now known as Oakland has seen human occupation for thousands of years, but significant growth in the settlements that are now incorporated into the city did not occur until the Industrial Revolution. Oakland was first incorporated as a city in 1852.
Video History of Oakland, California
Periode Ohlone
The earliest known inhabitants are the Huchiun tribe, who have lived there since ancient times. The Huchiun belongs to a linguistic grouping then called Ohlone (Miwok word meaning "westerner"). In Oakland, they are concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a river that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville.
Maps History of Oakland, California
Spanish Spanish and Mexican period
The Conquistador of New Spain claimed Oakland, and the other Ohlone region in the East Bay, along with the rest of California, to the king of Spain in 1772. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown donated the East Bay region to Luis MarÃÆ'a Peralta to his Rancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by successors of the Mexican republic after its independence from Spain. After his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland falls in the stock given to Antonio Maria and Vicente.
The Peralta plantation includes a stand of oaks stretching from the land now downtown Oakland to the adjacent part of Alameda, then a peninsula. The Peraltas refers to the area encinal , a Spanish word meaning "oak grove." This translates more loosely as "Oakland" in the naming of the next town, as Horace Carpentier recounts in his first speech as mayor: "The head ornament and attraction of this city, undoubtedly, is inside the remarkable forest of green oak covering his current site and from which he took both his previous name from 'Encinal' and the now 'Oakland.' "
The American Acquisition Period
As part of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Agreement after the Mexican-American War, the Mexican government handed over 525,000 square miles (1,360,000 km 2 ); 55% of its pre-war territory (excluding Texas) to the US in exchange for $ 15 million. The agreement also regulates the security of Mexican land and property. These provisions are regularly ignored by squatters and land speculators, some of whom start settling in Peralta Ranch, especially during the Gold Rush. Before the Congress created the Land Commission in 1851 to pursue the settlement of property claims, a group of three - Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon - supported at one point by a small army of about 200 people hired from San Francisco, began developing small settlements in Peralta land was originally called "Contra Costa" ("opposite the coast", the Spanish name for land on the eastern side of the Gulf) in what is now downtown Oakland. Carpentier was elected to California state legislature and acquired Oakland City which was established on May 4, 1852. By the time the Land Commission went around to confirm the claim of Peraltas in 1854, Oakland was rapidly developed further. Peraltas have been temporarily persuaded to sell their extensive ownership packages. In 1853, John Coffee "Jack" Hays, a famous Texas Ranger, was one of the first to settle down in Oakland while performing his duties as a sheriff of San Francisco.
The Early American Period
On March 25, 1854, Oakland was re-entered as Oakland City. Horace Carpentier was elected the first mayor. His tenure did not last long. He was deposed in 1855 by an angry resident when it was discovered that he had obtained an exclusive right to the beach from the City Supervisory Board in 1852. Charles Campbell succeeded him as Mayor on 5 March 1855.
The city and its surroundings quickly grew with the railroad tracks, becoming the main railway terminals in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific built the Oakland Long Wharf in Oakland Point, where the Port of Oakland today. Long Wharf serves as a good terminal for the Transcontinental Railway and for local commuter trains in the Central Pacific (later, South). The Central Pacific also established one of the largest base and service facilities of trains in West Oakland, which continues to be a major local company under the South Pacific until the 20th century. The main South Pacific Depo in Oakland is 16th Street Station located at 16th and Wood, which is currently being refurbished as part of the rebuilding project. In 1871, Cyrus and Susan Mills paid $ 5,000 for the Young Women Seminary in Benicia, renamed it Mills College, and transferred it to its current location in Oakland, adjacent to what is now Seminary Boulevard. In 1872, the city of Brooklyn was incorporated into Oakland. Brooklyn, a large city southeast of Lake Merritt, is part of what is then called Brooklyn City.
A number of horsecar and cable car lines were built in Oakland during the second half of the 19th century. The first electric tramway departed from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, and another line was changed and added during the 1890s. Tram companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of publicly-owned AC Transit today. In addition to the tram system at East Bay, the Lock System also operates commuter trains to its own dock and ferry to San Francisco, in competition with the South Pacific. After completing Bay Bridge, the two companies run their commuter train on the south side of the lower deck, straight to San Francisco. The Key System in its early years was actually part of a real estate venture, with the transit section serving to help open up new channels for buyers. Key System Investors (included as "Realty Syndicate") also set up two major hotels in Oakland, one of which survives as Claremont Resort. The others, which were burned in the early 1930s, were the Key Route Inn, in what is now the West Grand and Broadway. From 1904 to 1929, Realty Syndicate also operates a major amusement park in northern Oakland called Idora Park.
Beginning 1900s
The original Oakland area, after its merger, lies south of today's main intersection on San Pablo Avenue, Broadway and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmland and settlements to the east and north. Oakland's rise to industrial excellence, and its subsequent need for ports, led to the excavation of shipping and tidal channels in 1902, which created a nearby municipal island of Alameda. In 1906, the population doubled with refugees who became homeless after the 1906 earthquake and fire in San Francisco. At the same time, the powerful City Beautiful movement, promoted by Mayor Frank Kanning Mott, was responsible for creating and preserving parks and monuments in Oakland, including major improvements to Lake Merritt and the construction of the Oakland Civic Auditorium, which cost $ 1M in 1914. Auditorium briefly served as an emergency and quarantine ward for several victims of the 1918 flu pandemic. Three pandemic waves killed more than 1,400, out of 216,000, residents of Oakland.
In 1920, Oakland was home to many manufacturing industries, including metal, canning, bakery, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.
1920s
The 1920s were a year of economic boom in the United States as a whole, and in California in particular. The economic growth was driven by the post-World War I recovery, as well as the discovery of oil in Los Angeles and, in particular, the widespread introduction of automobiles. In 1916, General Motors opened a large Chevrolet car plant in East Oakland, making cars and then trucks until 1963, when moved to Fremont in Alameda County south. Also in 1916, the Fageol Motor Company selected East Oakland for their first plant, making an agricultural tractor from 1918 to 1923. In 1921, they introduced a low and influential "Safety Bus", followed by a 22-seat Safety Coach quickly. Durant Motors operated the plant in Oakland from 1921 to 1930, producing sedans, coupes, convertibles, and roadsters.In 1929, when Chrysler evolved with a new plant there, Oakland had been known as "Detroit of the West."
Oakland evolved during the 1920s, stretching enough to meet the influx of factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built between 1921 and 1924, more than between 1907 and 1920. Many office buildings in large urban centers, apartment buildings, and single-family homes still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; and they reflect the architectural style of the moment.
In 1926 Dr. William M. Watts ( pictorial left ) opened a 22-bed hospital facility to provide inpatient care to Africans of Oakland of African origin who are not welcome in other health care institutions. The facility also offers training for African-American nurses.
Ice cream Rocky Road was made in Oakland in 1929, although different accounts about its first promoter. William Dreyer of Dreyer's is said to have brought the idea of ​​marshmallow and walnut pieces at the bottom of the chocolate on top of his candy creations similar to that of Joseph Edy's companion.
First flight
Russell Clifford Durant (called "Cliff" by his friends) is a racing car driver, speedboat enthusiast, amateur pilot, President of Durant Motors in Oakland, and the son of General Motors founder William "Billy" Crapo Durant. In 1916, he founded Durant Field on 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street. The first experimental air air through the flight completed its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, with the Army Captain. Eddie Rickenbacker and Navy Lt. Bert Acosta ( right photo ) in control Junkers F 13 again badged as a JL6 model. The airfield only served secondary duties after 1927, because the runway was not long enough for heavy aircraft. In April 1930, pilot test Herbert "Hub" Fahy and his wife Claire hit the stump after landing, flipped their plane and injured Hub without injuring Claire. Durant Field is often called Oakland Airport, although the current Oakland International Airport is soon established four miles (6.4 km) southwest.
On September 17, 1927, Charles Lindbergh attended the official devotion of the new Oakland Airport. A month earlier, on August 16, participants in the Dole Air Race disaster had taken off from the new Oakland 7.020 foot (2,140 m) runway to Honolulu, Hawaii 2,400 miles (3,900 km) - three leaflets died before getting to the start line in Oakland; five missing at sea, trying to reach Honolulu; and two more dead looking for the five missing.
On May 31, 1928, Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew left Oakland at Southern Cross on their successful bid to cross the Pacific by air, ending in Australia. In October 1928, Oakland was used as a base for World War I planes involved in the making of Howard Hughes' last Hells Angels. In 1928, Louise Thaden's pilot took off from Oakland on Travel Air to set women's altitude records, as well as a record of endurance and speed.
On January 11, 1935, Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California.
On St. Patrick, March 17, 1937, Earhart and his crew, Paul Mantz, Harry Manning and Fred Noonan, flew the first leg of his effort to circumnavigate the globe, from Oakland to Honolulu, Hawaii. The effort ended in Hawaii when the Lockheed Electra 10E was badly damaged. Later that year, Earhart started his second attempt, fared unpublished by the unpublished first leg of his proposed transcontinental flight mapped from Oakland to Miami, Florida.
World War II
During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Among these are Shipyard Kaiser near Richmond. The medical systems designed for shipyard workers form the basis for the giant Kaiser Permanente HMO, which has a large medical center on MacArthur and Broadway, first founded by Kaiser. Oakland's Dry Dock Company expands shipbuilding capabilities and builds more than 100 ships.
With a value of $ 100 million in 1943, the Oakland cannery industry was the second most valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. Located on both major railway terminals and important seaports, Oakland is a natural location for a food processing plant, which maintains its products to feed domestic, foreign and military consumers. The largest cannery is in the Fruitvale District and includes the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packaging Company.
Before World War II, blacks constituted about 3% of the Oakland population. Aside from restrictive agreements relating to some properties in hillside environments (invalid after 1948), Jim Crow's law that mandates racial segregation does not exist in Oakland, and the relationship between races is largely harmonious. What segregation is voluntary; Blacks can, and do, live in all parts of the city.
The war attracted tens of thousands of workers from all over the country, although most of the poor white and blacks of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas - farmers and tenant farmers who had been recruited by Henry J Kaiser works in his shipyard. The immigrants from Jim Crow South brought their racial stance with them, and the harmony of the race that the blacks of Oakland had accustomed to before the war evaporated. Southern whites expect the respect of their black co-workers, and at first the Southern blacks were conditioned to grant it. When Southern blacks became aware of their more equal position under California law, they began to reject subordinate roles; New immigrants became prosperous, although they were affected by increased racial discrimination and the reduction of the post-war informal environment.
Many Latinos, especially Mexican Americans from the southwestern states of New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, came to Oakland to work in many wartime jobs as did many Mexican workers who came under the Bracero 5000 Braceros Program . Many work for the Southern Pacific Railroad, at its main rail base in West Oakland (see traquero). While some railroad workers live near the yard, most Mexican communities are concentrated as has always been the case since the early days of Peralta farming in the Fruitvale District. Oakland experienced its own "zoot suit suicide" in downtown Oakland in 1943 behind its one in Los Angeles.
Tai Mai cocktails were first made in Oakland in 1944, and became very popular in Trader Vic's restaurant. Founded in 1932, just four years later, the highly successful Trader Vic San Francisco Chronicle columnist, Herb Caen, was inspired to write, "the best restaurant in San Francisco is in Oakland." Trader Vic was elected by the State Department as the official entertainment center for foreign officials attending a UN meeting in San Francisco. The restaurant continued to grow in popularity and ran out of space when, in 1951, founder Victor Bergeron opened a larger one in San Francisco. In 1972, Oakland's flagship restaurant moved to nearby Emeryville Marina. Post-WWII (1940s_and_1950s) "> Post-WWII (1940s and 1950s)
In 1946 the National City Lines (NCL), the parent company of General Motors, acquired a 64% stake in the Key System; over the next few years NCL was involved in the dissolution of the Oakland electric tram conspirators. NCL converts the electric tram fleet from the Lock System to the diesel bus, the tracks are moved from the streets of Oakland, and the lower deck of the Bay Bridge is converted into car traffic, which reduces the passenger carrying capacity of the bridge. Highway built, which partitioned the social structure and retail environment. In the 1948 federal case, "United States v. National City Lines Inc.," the defendants were found guilty of conspiring to monopolize the provision of spare parts and supplies to their subsidiaries. The companies were each fined $ 5,000, and the directors were each fined a dollar. The ruling was upheld in 1951. The state legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which still exists today as AC Transit, the nation's third largest single bus transit system.
Immediately after the war, with the loss of the Oakland shipbuilding industry and the decline in its car industry, jobs became scarce. Many poor blacks who came to town from the South decided to stay in Oakland, and the old blacks complained that the new Southern arrival "tended toward public disturbance." The segregationist attitude brought by some southern migrants with them disrupts the racial harmony that Oaklanders had accustomed to before the war. Many of the more affluent, black and white townspeople, leaving the city after the war, moved to Alameda, Berkeley, Albany, and El Cerrito in the north; to San Leandro, Hayward, Castro Valley and Fremont in Southern Alameda County; and to the newly developed East Bay suburbs in Contra Costa County, Orinda, Lafayette, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek, and Concord. Between 1950 and 1960, about 100,000 white property owners moved from Oakland - part of a national phenomenon called white flights.
At the end of World War II, blacks constituted about 12% of the population of Oakland, and the years after the war saw this percentage increase. There is also an increase in racial tension. Beginning in the late 1940s, the Oakland Police Department began recruiting white officers from the South to confront an expanding black population and change racial attitudes; many are openly racist, and their repressive police tactics exacerbate racial tensions.
Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that experienced the strike after World War II. It was one of the biggest strike moves in American history, because workers were determined not to let management repeat the destruction of unions that followed the first World War. Oakland, a racial and racial welfare before the war, in the late 1950s found itself with an increasingly poor and racially divided population.
Beginning in the mid-1950s, many West Oakland were destroyed, after which-Highway 17, now the I-880 (or Nimitz Freeway) was built. Many homes and businesses were destroyed to build the Cypress Viaduct and the rest of the Nimitz Freeway. Also the urban renewal caused the destruction of the area around the Market and the 7th streets to pave the way for Acorn High Rise apartments. This West Oakland urban renewal continued into the 1960s with the construction of the BART and the Main Post Office Building at 1675 7th Street. Many families fled from West Oakland with the construction of the Nimitz Freeway and the urban renewal of West Oakland. The majority of them are African-American and Latino. African Americans moved to East Oakland as well as mainly the Elmhurst district and the surrounding area.
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1960s and 1970s
In 1960, Kaiser Corporation established its headquarters at the former site of Holy Names University, at the corner of 20th and Harrison Streets. It is the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower in west Chicago" until then. During this era, the oldest part of Oakland at the foot of Broadway, Jack London Square, was rebuilt into a hotel and outdoor retail district. During the 1960s, the city was home to an innovative funk music scene that produced famous bands like Sly and Family Stone, Graham Central Station, Tower of Power, Cold Blood, Azteca, and The Headhunter. Larry Graham, bass player for Sly and Family Stone and Graham Central Station, is credited with the creation of influential slap and pop sounds that bassists still use in many of today's music idioms.
In 1966, only 16 of the city's 661 black police officers. The tension between the black community and the white police squad is very high, and police irregularities against blacks are common. The Black Panther party was founded by students of Huey Newton and Bobby Seale at Merritt College.
It was also during the 1960s that the Oakland Hells Angels Motorcycle Club chapter began to grow into a tough motorcycle gang and organized crime syndicate. The Hells Angels clubhouse is still located on Oakland's Foothill Boulevard.
During the 1970s, Oakland began to experience serious problems with heroin trade and gang-controlled cocaine when drug lord Felix Mitchell created the country's first large-scale operation of this kind. Both violent crime and property crime increased during this period, and the rate of murder of Oakland increased to twice that of San Francisco or New York City.
At the end of 1973, the Symbionese Liberation Army murdered the headmaster of Oakland, Dr. Marcus Foster, and injured his deputy, Robert Blackburn. Two months later, two men were arrested and charged with murder. Both received life sentences, though one was released after appeals and a retrial seven years later.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Fruitvale District was part of the Chicano Movement. In 1968, the Oakland Police killed a young Chicano named Charles (Pinky) De Baca on 35th Avenue in East Oakland. A group called Latinos United for Justice organized to combat police brutality after the assassination of Mr. De Read. Chicano Radical militants such as the Chicano Revolutionary Party and Chocolate Baret also organize and start work in the Fruitvale District to protect Chicano and the Latin Community from police brutality and have a free breakfast program in the Fruitvale area with the help of Black Panthers. On July 26, 1970, the Fruitvale District held a Chicano Moratorium against Chicanos who will fight in the Vietnam war. La Clinica de La Raza was also formed at Fruitvale Avenue in 1970, by Chicano students to have a free Clinic for the Chicano and Latino Communities in East Oakland. La Raza Unida Party also has a chapter in Oakland. The Chicano movement is also part of Oakland's Radical History in the 60s and 70s.
1980s and 1990s
Beginning in the late 1960s and continuing through the early 1980s, the number of Latinos, mostly from Mexico, began to rise in Oakland, especially in the Fruitvale district. This district is one of the oldest in Oakland, grown around the old Peralta area (now the city park). It always has a concentration of Latin population, businesses and institutions, and increased immigration, continues into the 21st century, has added greater numbers in Fruitvale and throughout East Oakland.
As in many other American cities during the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland. Drug deals in general, and cocaine handling in particular, result in increased crime crime rates, causing Oakland to be consistently listed as one of the most crime-ridden cities in America.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Oakland's black plurality peaked around 47% of the population. Oakland is the birthplace or home at a time of some rap action, including MC Hammer, Digital Underground, Hieroglyphics (including Souls of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien), The Luniz, Tupac Shakur, and Too Short. Outside the rap genre, artists like Sister Pointer, En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone !, and Billie Joe Armstrong from Green Day also emerged from Oakland (actually members of Green Day are from the suburban Pinole area).
On May 24, 1990, a pipe bomb placed under the seat of activist eco-activist Judi Bari exploded, tearing his back and almost killing him. The bomb is placed just below the driver's seat, not in the backseat or trunk area as is possible if Bari carries it consciously. Immediately after the 1990 car bombing, while Bari was at Oakland's Highland Hospital, he and a friend were arrested on suspicion of transporting the bombs consciously. The district's Alameda County prosecutor then dropped the case for lack of evidence, and in 2004 the FBI and Oakland City approved a $ 4 million settlement of the suit brought by real Bari, and his friend, for their fake arrest.
On October 20, 1991, a massive fire storm (see 1991 Oakland firestorm) swept down from Berkeley Hill over the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, and 150 were injured, with nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. The economic loss is estimated at $ 1.5 billion. The economic loss, in combination with injuries and fatalities, makes this the worst urban fire storm in American history. Many original homes were rebuilt on a much larger scale.
At the end of 1996, Oakland became the center of controversy surrounding Ebonics (African American Vernacular English), an etnolect of the United Nations Board of Schools in Oakland decided to admit on December 18th. This was later canceled.
During the mid-1990s, Oakland had an economic boost over the previous decade, with new urban center construction such as a $ 140 million state government center project, a $ 101 million office building and a 12-storey office building for the University. California, Office of the President. The City Center redevelopment project was purchased by Shorenstein Co., a San Francisco real estate company. Office vacancies dropped to 11 percent from 16 percent in 1996. Officials at Oakland Port and Oakland International Airport, embarked on a multimillion-dollar expansion plan to offset cruise ships and competitor airports on the West Coast.
Loma Prieta Earthquake
The Loma Prieta earthquake of 6.3 M w occurred on October 17, 1989. The outbreak was related to the San Andreas distraction system and affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area with the maximum Mercalli intensity IX ( Violence ). Many of the structures in Oakland were badly damaged including the second-tier parts of the collapsing Interstate 880. The eastern range of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage and closed for traffic for a month. Oakland became the home of the nonprofit readiness movement that emerged after the earthquake when local agencies formed CARD (Collaborating Agencies Responding to Disasters) to address the unmet needs of non-profit and religious sectors.
2000s
After its inauguration in 1999, Oakland Major Jerry Brown continued the public policy of its predecessor Elihu Harris to support the construction of a downtown residential area defined as the Central Business District at Oakland's General Plan in 1994. Since Brown's stated objective was to add 10,000 residents to the city center Oakland, it became known as the "10K" plan. This resulted in a rebuilding project in Jack London District, where Brown buys and then sells an industrial warehouse, which he uses as a private residence, and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt, where two of the charging projects have been approved. The 10K Plan touches the historic Old Oakland district, Chinatown district, Uptown district, and downtown.
The 10K plan and other rebuilding projects are still controversial because of the potential for lease increases and gentrification, which will displace low-income residents from downtown Oakland to neighborhoods and remote towns. Additional controversy over development proposals arose from the weakening of the Bay Area and the national economy in 2000, 2001, 2007, and the credit crunch and 2008 recession. This decline resulted in sales, rental and occupants of new lower housing and slower growth. and economic recovery than expected.
Oakland Athletics has long been looking for a place to build a new baseball stadium. An agreement announced in 2006 to build a new park in Fremont, called Cisco Field was halted three years later as a result of opposition from businesses and local residents. Local efforts have been mobilized by city fans and politicians to defend A, including three potential locations near downtown and the edge of Oakland. The South Bay city of San Jose continues to show a strong interest in becoming the team's new home, and is a favored destination for majority team owner, Lew Wolff, but is blocked by the San Francisco Giants. The current calling plan for the new 35,000-seat stadium is nicknamed the Oakland Ballpark to be built near Laney College and the Eastlake neighborhood.
The Oakland Ballet, appearing in the city since 1965, folded temporarily in 2006 due to financial problems and the closure of their performance facility, Calvin Simmons Theater at the Kaiser Convention Center. The following year, founder Ronn Guidi announced Ballet's revival under new director Graham Lustig, and the program continued to perform at Laney College Theater.
In the early hours of the morning of January 1, 2009, civilian civilian Oscar Grant was shot and killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle on a busy platform at Fruitvale BART Station in East Oakland. The officers had subdued and shackled Unarmed grants in prone position for allegedly holding the arrest, before Mehserle shot Grant in the back with his weapon, which he claimed was wrong because of his pistol. The following week, demonstrations and riots broke out in Downtown Oakland, with demonstrators citing police brutality and racial injustice as their motivation. Mehserle was convicted of unintentional killing in July 2010, and was sentenced to two years in prison. Both the verdict and the sentence sparked further demonstrations in downtown Oakland, which included looting and property destruction.
In February 2009, the Oakland Fox Theater reopened. The theater has been closed for most of the previous 42 years, with several events being held there. After extensive restoration, seismic retrofit, and many other improvements after years of severe omissions (including the recent fire of 2004), historic theaters began attracting customers from across the Bay Area.
On March 21, 2009, Oakland parolee Lovelle Mixon, 26, shot dead four Oakland police officers, and injured a fifth officer. At about 1am, Mixon shot and killed two officers during a routine traffic stop. Mixon escaped from the scene, hiding in the apartment nearest his sister, and shortly after 3:00, he killed two more officers when they answered. During the ensuing firefight, police killed Mixon in self-defense and a fifth officer was wounded. The three officers killed were rank sergeants, the first time the Oakland Police Department had lost a sergeant in performing duties. This is the deadliest day for sworn personnel in department history, as well as the deadliest attack on US law enforcement since the September 11 attacks.
2010s
Due to a mistake by the Oakland Police Department, Oakland City has paid a total of $ 57 million over the 2001-2011 period to victims of police abuse - the largest number of any city in California.
On October 10, 2011, protesters and civil activists began "Occupy Oakland" demonstrations directed against national social and economic inequalities at the Frank Ogawa Plaza in Downtown Oakland. The demonstrators set up a camp which, at one point, consisted of a "miniature city" of as many as 150 tents. At one point, the second camp was set up in Snow Park on Lake Merritt. Oakland police raided and dismantled two protest sites at Frank Ogawa Plaza and Snow Park on the morning of 25 October. Later that same day, in an attempt to rebuild the camp, the demonstrators clashed with the police. Two officers and three protesters were wounded and more than a hundred people were arrested. On November 2, thousands of people lined up and closed the Port of Oakland. At least two Iraq war veterans were injured in the demonstration, with police action. On November 14, the camp in the square in front of City Hall had been cleared, and it was announced by city officials that continuous protests had cost $ 2.4 million. The June 28, 2012 effort by Occupy Oakland demonstrators to take over the empty Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center resulted in hundreds of police arrests, and that night Vandal's destruction of Oakland City Hall caused damage to the artwork and the building itself..
Throughout 2010, Oakland Medical Center, the first HMO and the first Kaiser Permanente hospital, underwent a $ 2 billion retrofit including a number of new buildings.
On April 2, 2012, seven people were killed in shootings at Oikos University, located in East Oakland near the airport and Coliseum Complex. Suspect One L. Goh surrendered an hour later to the police in Alameda. The shooting was considered the most deadly mass killings in the city's history.
In July 2013, after the release of George Zimmerman in Trials Trayvon Martin, there was a protest. A small group of protesters were organized in cities including San Francisco, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.
On December 2, 2016, a fire at the Fruitvale District warehouse, which hosted a musical event, killed at least 36 people. It was the most deadly fire in the city's history.
See also
- Oakland Chronology, California
- The San Francisco Bay Area Time Line
References
External links
- US. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: History of Oakland, California
- Official website
- Visit Oakland: Oakland Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Oakland City at Wayback Machine (archived February 9, 1998)
- "Oakland". US. City Open Census Data . UK: Open Knowledge Foundation.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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