East River

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The East River is a saltwater brine in New York City. The waterway, which is not actually a river despite its name, connects Upper New York Bay at the southern end to Long Island Sound in the north end. It separates the Queens region on Long Island from the Bronx in mainland North America, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, which is also on Long Island. Due to its relationship with Long Island Sound, it was also known as the Sound Stream . The tidal strait alters its flow direction frequently, and is subject to strong fluctuations in its currents, emphasized by its narrowness and depth. The waterway can be navigated along 16 miles (26 km), and is historically the center of maritime activity in the city, although that is no longer the case.

Video East River

Formasi dan deskripsi Edit

Technically a sunken valley, like other waterways around New York City, the strait formed about 11,000 years ago at the tip of the Wisconsin glaciation. The obvious change in the form of a strait between the bottom and top is evidence of this glacial activity. The top (from Long Island Sound to Hell Gate), runs mostly perpendicular to the glacial, wide, winding, and has a deep narrow bay on both banks of the river, swept by the glacier movement. The bottom (from Hell Gate to New York Bay) runs to the north-south, parallel to the glacial movement. It's much narrower, with straight banks. The existing bays, as well as those that existed before were filled by human activity, were mostly wide and shallow.

The section known as the "Hell Gate" - from the Dutch name Heligat or passage to hell given to the whole river in 1614 by Adriaen Block explorer as he passed it on his ship Tyger > - is a narrow, volatile, and very dangerous stretch of river. The Tides of Long Island Sound, New York Harbor, and Harlem River meet there, making it difficult to navigate, mainly because of the many rocky islands that once adorned, under names like "Wok", "Pot, Bread and Cheese", "Hen and Chicken "," Nigger Head "," Heel Top "; "Flood"; and the "Gridiron", about 12 small islands and coral reefs, all caused a number of shipwrecks, including the British frigate Hussar that drowned in 1780 carrying gold and silver meant to pay British troops. The stretch had been cleared of stone and widened. Washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a "shouting bull to drink more" at half-time, when the tide was asleep "just as soundly as a board member after dinner." He says it's like "a peer who is quite peaceful when he does not drink any liquor at all, or when he has a hard skin, but who, when the half-seas pass, plays a very devil." The tidal regime is complex, with two main pairs - from Long Island Sound and from the Atlantic Ocean - separated by about two hours; and this without considering the tidal effects of the Harlem River, all of which created "dangerous cataracts," as one ship captain put it.

The river can be reached over 16 miles (26 km). In 1939 it was reported that stretching from The Battery to the former Brooklyn Navy Yard near Wallabout Bay, running about 1,000 yards (910 m), was 40 feet (12 m) deep, a long section of it, ran west of Roosevelt Island, through Hell Gate and to the Throg's Neck at least 35 feet (11 m) deep, and then to the east from there the river, at tides, at a depth of 168 feet (51 m).

The extent of the river channel to the south of Roosevelt Island is caused by Fordham's strong fall underlying the undersides of Inwood's less powerful marble lying beneath the river bed. Why did the river turn east as it approached the three lower bridges of Manhattan that are not currently geologically known.

Islands Edit

On the river bed between Manhattan Island and the Queens area, Roosevelt Island is located, a small island (a maximum width of 800 feet (240 m)) 2 miles (3.2 km) of 147 acres (0.59 km) soup>). Politically part of Manhattan, starts around the East 46th Street level of the area and runs to around East 86th Street. Previously called Blackwell Island and Welfare Island, and now named President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, it is the site of a prison, and a number of hospitals, but now consists mainly of apartment buildings, garden lands, and the ruins of old buildings. Connected to Queens by Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by Roosevelt Island Tramway, and both by subway stations. The Queensboro Bridge crosses Roosevelt Island, but no longer has passenger lift connections, as happened in the past. The sudden descent of the island at the north end is due to an extension of the 125 Road Fault.

The other islands on the river are U Thant Island - formerly Belmont Island - south of Roosevelt Island, named after U Thant, former Secretary General of the United Nations; and Mill Rock, the Wards and Randalls Islands, which had been put together by the landfill, and used as a garden field, for the stadium, and to support the Triborough Bridge and Hell Gate Bridge, Rikers Island, a small island purchased by the city in 1884 into a prison ranch and expanded with a landfill of under 100 hectares (40 hectares) to more than 400 hectares (160 acres), which is currently the main jail location of the city, and the Northern and Southern Islands, all located north of Roosevelt Island.

Stream Edit

The Bronx River flows into the East River in the northern part of the strait, and the Flushing River, historically known as "Flushing Creek", boils down to LaGuardia Airport via Flushing Bay.

North of Randalls Island, joins Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, around the center of the strait, it narrows to a channel called Hell Gate, which is laid out by both Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly Triborough), and the Hell Gate Bridge. On the south side of the Wards Island, it joins the Harlem River.

Newtown Creek on Long Island flows into the East River, and forms part of the boundary between Queens and Brooklyn. The Gowanus canal is built from Gowanus Creek, which is emptied into the river. Historically, there is another small river emptied into the river - including Harlem Creek, one of the most important tributaries from Manhattan - but these and their associated wetlands have been filled and built on.

Maps East River

History Edit

Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the land north of the East River was occupied by Siwanoys, one of many Algonquin-language Lencape groups in the area. People from Lenapes who live in the northern part of Manhattan Island on a campsite known as Konaande Kongh used the landings around the current location of the East 119 road to paddle into a river in canoes made from tree trunks for fishing.

The Dutch settlement of what became New Amsterdam began in 1623. Some of the earliest small settlements in the area lie along the west bank of the East River on sites formerly Native American settlements. Like Native Americans, the river became the center of their lives for transportation to trade and for fishing. They collect swamp grass to feed their animals, and the East River flows help the power plants that process the grain into flour. In 1642 there was a ferry that runs on the river between Manhattan island and what is now Brooklyn, and the first pier on the river was built in 1647 at Pearl and Broad Streets. After the British took over the colony in 1664, and renamed "New York", coastal development continued, and the shipbuilding industry grew after New York started exporting flour. At the end of the 17th century, the Great Pier, located at Hook Corlear on the East River, was built.

Narrow the stream Edit

Historically, the lower part of the strait, which separates Manhattan from Brooklyn, is one of the busiest and most important channels in the world, especially during the first three centuries of New York City history. Because water along the lower Manhattan coastline is too shallow for large ships to tie and disassemble their goods, starting from 1686 - after the signing of the Duan Charter, which allows intertidal land to be owned and sold - the shoreline is "cast out "to a high watermark by building a retaining wall filled with every type of landfill: dirt, dead animals, ship deliberately drowned in place, ballast boat, and dirt dredged from the river bed. In the newly built land of warehouses and other buildings necessary for the marine trade is growing. Many "water" grants are given to wealthy and powerful families of merchant classes, though some go to traders. In 1700, the banks of the Manhattan river had been "lined up" around Whitehall Street, narrowing the river channel.

Following the signing of the Montgomerie Charter in the late 1720s, 127 acres of land along the Manhattan coast from the East River were allowed to be filled, this time to a point 400 meters beyond the low water mark; parts that have been extended to low water marks - many of which were destroyed by coastal storms in the early 1720s and Nor'easters in 1723 - also expanded, narrowing the channel even further. What is a quiet beach land is to be the new streets and buildings, and the core of the sea trade that the city passes. This well flowed northward as far as Corlear's Hook. In addition, the city was given control over the west coast of the river from the southern Wallabout Bay.

American Revolution Edit

The seaside expansion was halted during the American Revolution, in which the East River played an important role at the beginning of the conflict. On August 28, 1776, when British and Hessian troops rested after defeating the Americans at the Battle of Long Island, General George Washington collected all the ships on the east coast of the river, in what is now Brooklyn, and uses it to successfully move his troops across the river - at under the protection of the night, the rain, and the fog - onto the island of Manhattan, before the British can squeeze their profits. Thus, although the battle was a victory for England, Sir William Howe's failure to destroy the Continental Army when he had the chance of allowing America to continue fighting. Without a quiet recoil across the East River, the American Revolution may have ended much earlier.

Wallabout Bay on the River is home to most of England's prison boats - the most famous of which is HMS Jersey - where thousands of American war prisoners are held in dire conditions. These prisoners have come to British hands after the fall of New York City on September 15, 1776, after losing the States at the Battle of Long Island and the loss of Fort Washington on 16 November. Prisoners began to be placed on battleships and broken transport in December; about 24 vessels are used in total, but generally only 5 or 6 at a time. Nearly twice as many Americans die of being abandoned in these ships than from all combat in the war: as many as 12,000 soldiers, sailors and civilians. The bodies were thrown overboard or buried in shallow graves by the river, but their bones - some of which were collected when they were stranded on the shore - were later moved and now inside the Martyrs 'Prison Martyrs' Monument in nearby Fort Forte Greene Park. The existence of the ships and the conditions of the widely held people at that time through letters, diaries and memoirs, and was a factor not only in the attitude of Americans towards Britain, but in negotiations to formally end the war.

Development starts again Edit

After the war, the development of the East River's edge was continued once again. New York State Legislation which in 1807 confirmed what would become the Commissioner Plan in 1811 also confirmed the creation of new land up to 400 feet from the low water mark to the river, and with the emergence of roads stacked along the new waterline - Joseph Mangin had put such a grid in 1803 in his New York City Plans and Rules, which was rejected by the city, but set the concept - coastlines to be organized at the same time that the strait became narrower.

One result of the narrowing of the East River along the Manhattan coastline and, later, Brooklyn - which continued into the mid-19th century when the state stopped it - was an increase in its current velocity. The Buttermilk Channel, the strait that divides the Governor's Island from Red Hook in Brooklyn, and which lies just south of the "mouth" of the East River, at the beginning of the 17th century is a passable waterway where cattle can be ridden. Further investigation by Colonel Jonathan Williams determined that the channel was in 1776 three deep fathoms (18 feet (5.5 m)), five deep fathoms (30 feet (9.1 m)) in the same spot in 1798, and when surveyed by Williams in 1807 has been deepened to 7 fathoms (42 feet (13 m)) at low tide. What is almost a bridge between two once connected landscapes has become a navigable channel, thanks to the constriction of the Eastern River and the resulting increase in flow. Soon, the current on the East River had become so strong that larger ships had to use additional steam power to spin. The continuous narrowing of channels on both sides may have been the reason behind the suggestion of a New York State Senator, who wanted to fill the East River and annex Brooklyn, at the cost of doing so covered by selling newly created land. Others propose dams on Roosevelt Island (then Blackwell Island) to make wet basins for shipping.

Fill in stream Edit

Filling in the river portion was also proposed in 1867 by engineer James E. Serrell, who later became a city surveyor, but with an emphasis on solving the Hell Gate problem. Serrell proposes charging at the Gate of Hell and building a "New East River" through Queens with an expansion into Westchester County. Serrell's plan - which he publishes with maps, essays and lectures and presentations to city, state and federal governments - will fill the river from 14th Street to 125th Street. The New East River through Queens will be about three times the average width from that of even 3,600 feet (1,100 m) across, and will run straight like an arrow for five miles. The new land, and part of Queens that will be part of Manhattan, adding 2,500 hectares (1,000 acres), will be covered with an expansion of the existing Manhattan road network.

Variations on Serrell's plan will be floating for years. A pseudonym "Terra Firma" was raised filling the East River again at the Evening Post and Scientific American in 1904, and Thomas Alva Edison took it in 1906. Then Thomas Kennard Thompson, a bridge and rail engineers, proposed in 1913 to fill the river from the Gates of Hell to the end of Manhattan and, as suggested by Serrell, created a new East River, only this time from Flushing Bay to Jamaica Bay. He will also expand Brooklyn to Upper Harbor, build a dam from Brooklyn to Staten Island, and make a vast TPA in Lower Bay. At about the same time, in 1920, Dr. John A. Harriss, chief traffic engineer in New York City, which has developed the first traffic signals in the city, also has plans for the river. Harriss wanted to stem the East River at Hell Gate and Williamsburg Bridge, then move the water, put the roof on stage, and build boulevards and pedestrian paths on the roof along with "magnificent structures", with below transport services. The East River line will, once again, be shifted to pass through Queens, and this time Brooklyn too, to channel it to the Harbor.

Clearing Hell Gate Edit

Periodically, merchants and other interested parties will try to solve something about the difficulty of navigating through Hell Gate. In 1832, the New York state legislature was presented with a petition for the canal to be built through nearby Hallet's Point, thus avoiding Hell Gate altogether. Instead, the legislature responded by providing ships with pilots trained to navigate the herd over the next 15 years.

In 1849, a French engineer whose specialty was the underwater explosion, Benjamin Maillefert, had cleared the rocks that, along with the tidal mix, made the Hell Gate stretch of the river so dangerous to navigate. Ebenezer Meriam has arranged a subscription to pay Maillefert $ 6,000 to, for example, reducing "Pot Rock" to provide a depth of 24 feet (7.3 m) on average low water. While the ship continued to run aground (in the 1850s about 2% of ships did so) and the petition continued to call for action, the federal government conducted a regional survey that ended in 1851 with detailed and accurate maps. At that time Maillefert had cleared the stone "Baldheaded Billy", and it was reported that Pot Rock had been reduced to 20.5 feet (6.2 m), prompting the United States Congress to set $ 20,000 for further strait clearance. However, a more accurate survey shows that the depth of Pot Rock is actually a little over 18 feet (5.5 m), and finally Congress withdraws its funding.

With the main shipping channel through The Narrows to the harbor loaded with sand due to coastal drift, thus providing the ship with less depth, and a new generation of larger ships coming online - exemplified by SS Isambard Kingdom Brunel Great Eastern

The US Congress, aware of the issues that need to be addressed, allocated $ 20,000 to the Army Corps of Engineers to continue Maillefert's work, but the money was quickly spent without major changes in danger of navigating the straits. An advisory council recommended in 1856 that the strait be cleared of all obstacles, but nothing was done, and the Civil War broke out immediately.

In the late 1860s, after the Civil War, Congress recognized the importance of having a navigable water channel, and accused the Army Corps of Engineers by clearing the Gates of Hell from the rocks there which caused danger to navigate. Colonel Corps James Newton estimates that the project will cost $ 1 million, compared with an estimated annual loss in shipments of $ 2 million. The early forays floundered, and Newton, at that time a general, took over the direct control of the project. In 1868 Newton decided, with the support of both the New York trading class and the interests of local real estate, to focus on the 3-acre (1.2Ã, ha) Hallert's Point Reef off of Queens. The project will involve 7,000 ft (2,100 m) tunnels equipped with trains to transport the debris out when coral reefs are destroyed, creating structured corals such as "swiss cheese" which is then detonated by Newton. After seven years digging seven thousand holes, and filling four thousand of them with dynamite weighing 30,000 pounds (14,000 kg), on September 24, 1876, in front of audiences including the inhabitants of the mental hospital on Wards Island, but not the prisoners of Roosevelt Island - later called Blackwell Island - which remained in their cell, Newton's daughter sparked the explosion. The effect is direct in decreased turbulence through the strait, and fewer accidents and shipwrecks. The City Chamber of Commerce commented that "The Centennial year will never be known in the history of commerce for the destruction of one of the terror of navigation." Cleaning up the debris from the explosion lasted until 1891.

Then, in 1885, Flood Rock, a reef of 9 acres (3.6 ha) that Newton began to weaken before even starting at Hallert's Rock, eliminating 8,000 cubic yards (6,100 m ³ ) from rocks from corals , was also detonated, with General Civil War Philip Sheridan and the abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher among those present, and Newton's daughter once again embarked on the largest explosion ever on that date, and reportedly the largest human explosion until the atomic bomb appeared even though blasting at the Battle of Messines in 1917 several times larger. Two years later, there are plans to dredge the Gate of Hell to a consistent depth of 26 feet (7.9 m).

At the same time as the Hell Gate is being cleared, the Harlem River Ship of Harlem is being planned. When completed in 1895, the "back door" to the ship's trading center on the pier and the East River warehouse in New York opened from two directions, through the cleared East River, and from the Hudson River through Harlem River to the East River. However, ironically, while the two fork entrances to the north of the city are now open, modern dredging techniques have cut through the culverts of the Atlantic Ocean entrance, allowing the larger new vessels to use the traditional path to the New York jetty.

In the early 19th century, the East River was the center of the New York shipping industry, but by the end of the century, most had moved to the Hudson River, leaving East River docks and slippers to begin a long process. decay, until the area was finally rehabilitated in the mid-1960s, and the South Street Seaport Museum opened in 1967.

New seawall Edit

In 1870, the condition of New York Harbor along the East River and Hudson River was so deteriorating that the New York legislature created the Department of Pier to renovate the harbor and make New York to compete with other ports on the East Coast of America. The Department of Wharf was given the task of creating a master plan for the beach, and General George B. McClellan was involved to head up the project. McClellan held a public hearing and invited a plan for submission, eventually receiving 70 of them, though in the end he and his successors made their own plans in effect. The plan calls for the construction of seawall around Manhattan island from West 61st Street in Hudson, around The Battery, and up East 51st Street on the East River. The area behind the masonry wall (mostly concrete but in some parts of the granite block) will be filled with landfill, and wide streets will be placed on new ground. In this way, a new edge for the island (or at least part of it used as a commercial port) will be created.

The Department has surveyed 13,700 feet (4,200 m) of shoreline in 1878, as well as documenting current and tides. By 1900, 75 miles (121 km) had been surveyed and core samples had been taken to inform builders about how deep the bedrock was. The work was completed just as World War I began, allowing the Port of New York to be a major point of embarkation for troops and equipment.

The new seawall helps protect the island of Manhattan from a storm surge, although it is only 5 feet (1.5 m) above average sea level, so the storm is very dangerous, such as Nor'easter in 1992 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012, which hit the city with how to create a much higher wave, can still do significant damage. (The 3rd storm of September 1831 created the largest storm surge recorded in New York City: a 13-foot (4.0 m) rise in an hour on Battery, flooding all of Manhattan down to Canal Street.) However, the new Seawall that began in 1871 gave the island it's stronger, improves port quality, and continues to protect Manhattan from normal storm surges.

Bridges and tunnels Edit

The Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, was the first bridge to reach the East River, connecting cities in New York and Brooklyn, and all but replacing the frequent ferry services among those who did not return until the late 20th century. The bridge offers cable car service throughout the landscape. The Brooklyn Bridge was followed by the Williamsburg Bridge (1903), Queensboro Bridge (1909), Manhattan Bridge (1912) and the Hell Gate Railway Bridge (1916). Later will appear Triborough Bridge (1936), Bronx-Whitestone Bridge (1939), Throgs Neck Bridge (1961) and Rikers Island Bridge (1966). In addition, many rail tunnels pass under the East River - most of them part of the New York City Subway system - like the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. (See Crossings below for details.) Also under the river is the # 1 Water Tunnel of the New York City water supply system, built in 1917 to expand the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and through City Tunnel # 2 (1936) to Queen; The Borough became part of New York City after the city consolidation in 1898. City Tunnel # 3 will also run under the river, under the northern end of Roosevelt Island, and is expected to be completed by 2018; The Manhattan portion of the tunnel starts to be used in 2013.

the 20th and 21st centuries Edit

Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller founded what is now called Rockefeller University in 1901, between 63rd and 64th Streets on the river side of York Avenue, facing the river. The university is a research university for post-doctoral and doctoral scholars, especially in medicine and biology. In the north is one of the major medical centers in the city, NewYork Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, which deals with medical schools from Columbia University and Cornell University. Although it can trace its history back to 1771, the center on York Avenue, many overlooking the river, was built in 1932.

The East River is home to one of the biggest calamities in New York City's history when, in June 1904, PS General Slocum drowned near North Brother Island due to a fire. It brings 1,400 German-Americans to a picnic site on Long Island for an annual outing. There were only 321 survivors of the disaster, one of the worst casualties in the city's long history, and a devastating blow to the Small German neighborhood on the Lower East Side. The ship's captain and the company manager who owns it was indicted, but only the captain was punished; he spent 3 and a half years of 10 years in Sing Sing Prison before being released by the Federal parole board, and later pardoned by President William Howard Taft.

Beginning in 1934, and then again from 1948-1966, the Manhattan river shore became the location for limited access to East River Drive, which was later renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and universally known by New York as "FDR". Encouraging. "Roads are sometimes in the classroom, sometimes running under sites such as the UN Headquarters site and Carl Schurz Park and Gracie Mansion - the official residence of the mayor, and at double-decked times, since Hell Gate does not provide more space landfill.It starts at Battery Park, passes through Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg and Queensboro Bridges, and Ward's Island Footbridge, and ends just before the Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Bridge when connected to Harlem River Drive.Between most FDR and River Drive is East River Greenway, part of Greenway Manhattan Waterfront The East River Greenway is mainly built in connection with the construction of FDR Drive, although some parts were built recently in 2002, and other parts are still incomplete.

In 1963, Con Edison built the Ravenswood Generating Station on Long Island City by the river, in a land that used to be a stone quarry providing granite and marble slabs for Manhattan buildings. This factory has been owned by KeySpan. National Network and TransCanada, deregulated power industry results. The station, which can generate about 20% of New York City's electricity needs - about 2,500 megawatts - accepts some fuel with an oil barge.

In the north of the power station can be found Socrates Sculpture Park, illegal dumps and abandoned landfills that in 1986 converted into outdoor museums, exhibition halls for artists, and public parks by sculptors Mark in Suvero and local activists. The area also contains Rainey Park, which honors Thomas C. Rainey, who tries for 40 years to get the bridge built in that location from Manhattan to Queens. The Queensboro Bridge was finally built in the south of this location.

In 2011, NY Waterway began operating the East River Ferry line. The route is a 7-stop East River service that runs in a circle between East 34th Street and Hunters Point, making two intermediate stops in Brooklyn and three in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, costs $ 4 per ticket one way. It was immediately popular: from June to November 2011, the ferry saw 350,000 riders, more than 250% of the 134,000 passengers' initial estimated passengers. In December 2016, in preparation for the start of the NYC Ferry service the following year, Hornblower Cruises purchased the rights to operate the East River Ferry. NYC Ferry started service on May 1, 2017, with the East River Ferry as part of the system.

In February 2012 the federal government announced an agreement with Verdant Power to install 30 tidal turbines in the Eastern River channel. The turbine is projected to start operating in 2015 and should generate 1.05 megawatts of electricity. The current strength thwarted previous attempts in 2007 to harness rivers for tidal power.

On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of Con Edison substitution in Brooklyn caused a spill to the river of more than 5,000 gallons of US (18,927 liters, 4,163 gallons) of dielectric liquid, synthetic mineral oil used to cool electrical appliances and prevent electrical charges. (See below.)

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The collapse of ecosystems, pollution and health Edit

Throughout much of New York City's history, and New Amsterdam before, the East River has become a container for municipal waste and muck. The "night man" who collects the "night soil" from the space pool will throw his cargo into the river, and even after the construction of the Croton Aqueduct (1842) and then the New Croton Aqueduct (1890) raises a drain in the house, where it mixes with the ground, flows directly into the river, unkempt. The drainage ends at the slip where the ship is docked, until the trash begins to accumulate, preventing the dock, after which the drain is moved to the end of the pier. "TPA" which creates new ground along the coastline when the river is "aligned" by the sale of "water containers" mostly in the form of garbage such as bones, viscera, and even all dead animals, along with human and animal dung. The result is that in the 1850s, if not earlier, the East River, like other aqueducts around the city, was undergoing a process of eutrophication in which increased nitrogen from dirt and other sources led to a decrease in free oxygen, which in turn led to increased phytoplanktons such as algae and the decline of other life forms, destroying the food chain that has formed in the area. The Eastern River became very polluted, and animal life plummeted.

Previously, one person had described the transparency of water: "I remember the time, gentlemen, when you can go in twelve feet of water and you can see the pebbles at the bottom of this river." When water becomes more polluted, darker, submarine vegetation (such as seagrass photosynthesis) begins to die, and when seagrass beds decline, many related species from their ecosystems decline as well, contributing to the decline of the river. Also dangerous is the general destruction of an abundant oyster bed in the waters around the city, and overfishing of the menhaden, or mossbunker, a small silver fish that has been used since Native American times for the cultivation of plants - but it takes 8,000 fish to attend this school to fertilize one acre, so fishing by purse seine was developed, and finally the menhaden population collapsed. Menhaden feed on phytoplankton, helping keep them in check, and is also an important step in the food chain, such as bluefish, striped bass and other fish species that do not eat phytoplankton in menhaden. Oysters are another filter feeder: oysters refine 10 to 100 gallons per day, while each four-gallon menhaden filter in one minute, and their school is huge: one report has a farmer collecting 20 mencaden worth of oxcarts using a simple fish net deployed from the shore. Combination of more waste, due to the availability of more drinkable water - New York's water consumption per capita is twice that of Europe - indoor piping, filter filter destruction, and collapse the food chain, damaging the aquatic ecosystems around New York, including the East River, is almost beyond repair.

Due to changes in this ecosystem, in 1909, the level of dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the river had dropped to less than 65%, where 55% of saturation was the point at which the number of fish and the number of their species were affected. Only 17 years later, in 1926, the level of dissolved oxygen in the river dropped to 13%, below the point where most fish species can survive.

Due to severe pollution, the East River is dangerous for people falling or trying to swim in it, though by mid-2007 the water was cleaner than it was in decades. In 2010, the New York Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) categorized East River as Class I Use, which means it is safe for secondary contact activities such as boating and fishing. According to the DEP marine science department, the channel is fast, with water moving as fast as four knots, as it does in the Hudson River on the other side of Manhattan. That speed can push casual swimmers into the sea. Some people drown in the waters around New York City every year.

In 2013, it was reported that bacterial levels in rivers under the Federal guidelines for swimming in almost every day, although readings can vary significantly, so outflows from Newtown Creek or Gowanus Canals can be tens or hundreds of times higher than recommended, according to Riverkeeper, nonprofit environmental advocacy group. The numbers are also higher along the coast of the strait than in the middle of the stream. Nevertheless, "Brooklyn Bridge Swim" is an annual event where swimmers cross the channel from Brooklyn Bridge Park to Manhattan.

However, thanks to pollution reduction, cleaning, development restrictions and other environmental controls, the East River along Manhattan is one of New York's waterways - including the Estuary Hudson-Raritan and both Long Island beaches - which have shown signs of a return to biodiversity. On the other hand, the river is also attacked from strong, competitive, and foreign species, such as the European green crab, considered one of the ten worst invasive species in the world, and in the river.

Oil spill 2017 Edit

On May 7, 2017, the catastrophic failure of Farragut Substation Con Edison at 89 John Street in Dumbo, Brooklyn, caused a spill of dielectric fluid - an insoluble synthetic mineral oil, considered non-toxic by the state of New York, used to cool electrical appliances and prevent discharge electricity - to the East River from a 37,000-US-gallon tank (140,060 Ã, Â °, 30.809Ã, Â ± gal). The National Response Center received a report on the spill at 1:30 pm that day, though the public did not know about the spill for two days, and then only from tweet from NYC Ferry. The "safe zone" was established, extending from the line drawn between Dumont Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, to East 25th Street in Kips Bay, Manhattan, south to Buttermilk Channel. Recreational and human vehicles such as kayaks and paddlebos are banned from the zone when oil is being cleared, and the speed of commercial vehicles is limited so as not to spread oil in their wake, causing delays in the NYC Ferry service. The cleaning efforts were carried out by Con Edison personnel and private environmental contractors, US Coast Guarders and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, with the help of NYC Emergency Management.

The loss of sub-stations causes a drop in voltage in the power provided by Con Ed to the New York City Subway system of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which interferes with the signal.

The Coast Guard estimates that 5,200 gallons of US (19,684 l.4,330 impÃ, gal) oil spills into the water, with the rest of the immersion into the ground at the substation. In the past, the Coast Guard on average was able to recover about 10% of the oil spill, but the complex tides in the river made the recovery much more difficult, with turbulent water caused by tidal flooding pushing contaminated water above the containment boom, where then brought into the sea and can not be recovered. On Friday 12 May, officials from Con Edison reported that nearly 600 US gallons (2,271 liters, 500 tails) had been removed from the water.

Environmental damage to wildlife is expected to be less than if oil-based oil spills, but oil can still block the sunlight needed for river fish and other living organisms. Birds that are nesting may also be threatened by oils that pollute their nests and potentially poison their birds or eggs. Water from the East River is reported to have proven positive for low-level PCBs, known carcinogens.

Putting the spill into perspective, John Lipscomb, vice president of advocacy for Riverkeepers said that chronic release after a heavy downpour from the city's sewage treatment system was "a bigger problem for the harbor than this accident." The State Environment Conservation Department is investigating the spill. It was later reported that according to DEC data originating from 1978, the substations involved had spilled 179 times before, more than any other Con Ed facility. The spill has included 8,400 gallons of dielectric oil, hydraulic oil, and anti-freeze leakage at various times to the ground around substations, sewers, and the East River.

On June 22, Con Edison used toxic green dyes and divers in the river to find the source of the leak. As a result, a 4 inch (10 cm) hole is installed. Utilities continue to believe that most of the spills enter the ground around the substation, and dig and remove a few hundred cubic meters of land from the area. They estimated that about 5,200 gallons (19,684 Â ± 4,301 gallons) entered the river, where 520 US gallons (1,968 liters, 433 gallons) were recovered. Con Edison says that he is installing a new transformer, and intends to add new obstructions around the facility to help prevent future spills from spreading into the river.

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Crossover Edit

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In popular culture Edit

Music

• Edward Harrigan's 1874 comic song "Muldoon, the Solid Man" mentions "the enchanting East River air"
• Brecker Brothers performed a song named after the river featured on their album Heavy Metal Be-Bop (1978)
• According to the author, Yasushi Akimoto, the famous Japanese song "Kawa no Nagare no Y? ni" - "swan song" from famous singer Hibari Misora ​​- inspired by East River.
• The Prurient "Greenpoint" song mentions that "East River is not romantic anymore, that's where the suicide"

Television

• Cosmo Kramer's character decides to swim in East River for rehearsals on Seinfeld episode of "The Nap" in the American TV series
• In the episode of The Simpsons, "New York City vs. Homer Simpson", Homer received a letter stating that his vehicle was parked illegally between World Trade Center Towers and if he did not, fix his car problem will be "crushed into a cube and dumped into the East River at your expense."

Games

• In the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 , the Russian Navy has overtaken the river as part of their invasion of the East Coast of the United States in the fictitious Russo-American War.

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River view Edit

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See also Edit

• New York River list
• East River crossing list
• Geography and the environment of New York City
• Geography of New York Harbor

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References Edit

Information notes

Quotes

Bibliografi

• Burrows, Edwin G. & amp; Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 , New York: Oxford University Press, ISBNÂ 0-195-11634-8
• Eldredge, Niles & amp; Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Hutan Beton: Kota New York dan Harapan Terakhir Terakhir Kita untuk Masa Depan Berkelanjutan . Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2.
• Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), Ensiklopedi New York City , New Haven: Universitas Yale Press, ISBN: 0300055366
• Koeppel, Gerard (2015), Kota di Kotak: Bagaimana New York Menjadi New York , Boston: Da Capo Press, ISBN 978 -0-306-82284-1
• Steinberg, Ted (2010), Gotham Tidak Terbatas: Sejarah Ekologi Kota New York Besar , New York: Simon & amp; Schuster, ISBN 978-1-476-74124-6 Â

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Tautan eksternal Edit

• East River NYC dari Greater Astoria Historical Society
• Situs LIC Community Boathouse untuk mengayuh gratis di East River
• Halaman informasi waterfront Queens Barat

Source of the article : Wikipedia