The Dominican Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Dominicana ) took place between 24 April 1965 and 3 September 1965, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. It began when former civilian and military supporter President Juan Bosch overthrew President Donald Reid Cabral. The coup drove General ElÃÆ'as Wessin y Wessin to organize military elements loyal to President Reid, known as a loyalist, starting an armed campaign against so-called constitutional rebels. Allegations of foreign support for insurgents led to US intervention in the conflict, which later turned into the United States Occupation Organization. The election was held in 1966, after which JoaquÃÆ'n Balaguer was elected in the presidency. Later that same year the international forces departed from the country.
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On November 19, 1911, General Luis Tejera led a group of conspirators in an ambush in the Dominican presidential train RamÃÆ'³n CÃÆ'¨ceres. During the firefight, CÃÆ'¨ceres was killed and Tejera was injured on foot. In the next power vacuum, General Alfredo Victoria, the army commander, took control and forced Congress to elect his uncle, Eladio Victoria, as the new president. The general was widely suspected of bribing Congress, and his uncle, who ruled on 27 February 1912, had no legitimacy. Former president Horacio VÃÆ'¡squez soon returned from exile to lead his followers, horacistas, in a popular uprising against a new government.
The result is several years of great political instability and civil war. US mediation by William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson's administration only reached a brief pause every time. The political deadlock in 1914 was terminated after an ultimatum by Wilson telling the Dominicans to elect a president or to see the United States impose it. A temporary president was elected, and then the same year the relatively free elections put the former president (1899-1902) of Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra back to power. To achieve a wider government supported, Jimenes named the opposition individual in his cabinet. But this did not bring peace and, with former Desiderio Arias War Secretary who maneuvered to overthrow him and despite the offer of US military assistance to Arias, Jimenes resigned on 7 May 1916.
Wilson then ordered the US occupation of the Dominican Republic. The US Marines landed on May 16, 1916, and took control of the country two months later. The military government established by the United States, led by Rear Admiral Harry Shepard Knapp, was widely rejected by the Dominicans, with many factions at home leading a guerrilla campaign against US troops. The occupation regime maintains most of Dominican law and institutions and largely calms the general population. The occupying government also revived the Dominican economy, reduced state debt, built road networks that eventually linked all regions of the country, and created a professional National Guard to replace conflicting partisan units.
Strong opposition to the occupation continued, however, and after World War I, it also increased in the United States. There, President Warren G. Harding (1921-23), Wilson's successor, works to end the occupation, as he promised to do during his campaign. The US government regulation ended in October 1922, and elections were held in March 1924. The winner was former president (1902-03) Horacio VÃÆ'¡squez Lajara, who has worked with the United States. He was inaugurated on July 13, and the last US troops left in September. VÃÆ'¡squez gives the country six years of stable government, where political and civil rights are respected and the economy grows strong, in a relatively peaceful atmosphere.
The rebellion (or coup d'ÃÆ' Â © tat ) against President Horacio VÃÆ'¡squez occurred in February 1930 in Santiago. Rafael Trujillo secretly made a deal with rebel leader Rafael Estrella UreÃÆ' Â ± a; in return for Trujillo to let Estrella take power, Estrella will allow Trujillo to run for president in a new election. When the rebels marched to Santo Domingo, VÃÆ'¡squez ordered Trujillo to suppress them. However, pretending to be "neutrality", Trujillo held off his men in the barracks, allowing the Estrella rebels to take up capital almost without resistance. On March 3, Estrella was proclaimed as the acting president, with Trujillo confirmed as police and army chief. As per their agreement, Trujillo becomes president of the newly formed Patriotic Coalition Citizens (Spanish: CoaliciÃÆ'³n patriotica de los ciudadanos), with Estrella as his partner. The other candidates were subjected to abuse by the army, and resigned when it became clear that Trujillo would be the only person to be allowed to campaign effectively. In the end, the Trujillo-Estrella ticket was declared victorious with 99 percent unreasonable votes. According to the American ambassador, Trujillo received more votes than the actual voters.
On May 30, 1961, Trujillo was shot and killed when the 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air blue was ambushed on a road outside the Dominican capital. He was the victim of an ambush planned by a number of people, among them General Juan TomÃÆ'¡s DÃÆ'az, Antonio de la Maza, Amado GarcÃÆ'a Guerrero, and General Antonio Imbert Barrera.
The country was under the rule of the military junta until 1963, when democratic elections were held with the help of the United States. Juan Emilio Bosch GaviÃÆ' Â ± o wins in the general election, assuming the title. Bosch then attempted to implement a number of democratic social reforms, causing the outrage of the clerics, business figures and members of the army, who started a rumor campaign accusing Bosch of being a communist. On 25 September 1963, a group of 25 senior military commanders led by ElÃÆ'as Wessin y Wessin ousted Bosch from the country and encouraged Donald Reid Cabral as the new president. The newly installed president failed to garner popular support, at the same time some factions prepared to start a coup. They belonged to the constitutionalist under Bosch, a group within the Dominican army under PeÃÆ' Â ± a Taveras, supporters of the former Dominican Revolutionary Party leader NicolÃÆ'¡s Silfa, and a conspirator in favor of JoaquÃÆ'n Balaguer.
Maps Dominican Civil War
Civil war
April Revolution
On April 24, 1965, three junior officers requested a meeting with President Donald Cabral Reid. Reid revoked the commission after receiving news of alleged anti-government plots. When the chief of the Riviera Cuesta staff was even sent to discuss with officers at the August 16 military camp, he was immediately arrested. A group of military constitutionalists and supporters of the Dominican Revolutionary Party (DRP) subsequently seized the Radio Santo Domingo building, issuing an incitement of sedition, at the same time the constitutional officials distributing weapons and molotovs to their civilian comrades. The transmission pushed the garrison off the February 27 camp and unit of the Dominican navy's Dominicans to defect. A large number of police officers abandoned their positions and turned into civilian attire.
The following day President Reid appointed General Wessin y Wessin as new chief of staff, Wessin gathered government troops, branded them Loyalists and announced his plan to suppress the insurgency. At 10.30 the rebels stormed the presidential palace, capturing Reid. A few hours later four loyal P-51 Mustangs bombed the air of the National Palace and other constitutional positions, one plane was shot down during the incident. A single loyalty ship, Mella , located on the river Ozama also bombarded the palace. Worried the crowd gathered in the palace would kill Reid, commander of the rebel Francisco CaamaÃÆ'Â ± o allowed him to flee, because Reid had lost the support of the loyalists. The majority of DRP leaders leave the capital, while the constitutionalist mobilizes a total of 5,000 armed civilians and 1,500 military members. On April 26, JosÃÆ'Â © Rafael Molina UreÃÆ'Â ± a was declared a temporary president while many people gathered in the streets to ask Bosch to return home from exile.
US. intervention
Meanwhile, US diplomats in Santo Domingo began preparations to evacuate 3,500 US citizens. On the morning of April 27, 1,176 foreign civilians previously gathered at Embajador Hotel were flown to the Bajos de Haina naval facility, where they boarded the USS Ruchamkin , USS Wood County > As well as HMM-264 helicopters that evacuate them from the island to the USS Boxer and USSÃ, Raleigh . Later in the day, 1,500 loyalist troops were supported by armored vehicles and tanks lined up from San Isidro Air Base, capturing Duarte bridge and taking a position on the west bank of the Ozama river. The second army of 700 soldiers left San Cristónbal and attacked the western outskirts of Santo Domingo. The rebels stormed the Fortaleza Ozama police base, carrying 700 prisoners. On April 28, armed civilians attacked the Villa Consuelo police station, executing all police officers who survived the initial battle. A US Marine battalion landed in Haina, then moved to Hotel Embajador where he provided assistance in the upcoming air transport. That night, 684 civilians were flown to the USS Boxer. One US Marine was killed by a rebel sniper during the operation.
On April 29, US Ambassador to the Dominican Republic William Tapley Bennett, who previously sent many reports to President Lyndon Johnson, reported that the situation had reached life-threatening proportions for US citizens and that the rebels received foreign support. Bennett stressed that the United States should act immediately because the formation of an international coalition will take time. Contrary to the advice of his advisers, Johnson authorized the transformation of evacuation operations into large-scale military intervention through Operation Power Pack, aimed at preventing the development of what he saw as the second Cuban Revolution. It was the first US military intervention in Latin America in more than 30 years.
At 2:16 pm on April 30, 1965, the 3rd Brigade of the 82nd Air Division landed at the San Isidro Air Base, beginning American military intervention in the conflict. Over the next several hours, two teams of brigade combat and heavy equipment were also dispatched. At sunrise, 1st Battalion, 508th Infantry Regiment moves to the San Isidoro highway, securing a position east of the Duarte bridge. The 505th Battalion Infantry Regiment stays at the air base and sends patrols to the perimeter. A force of 1,700 Marines from the 6th Marine Expedition Unit occupied an area containing a number of foreign embassies, it proclaimed the International Security Zone by the Organization of American States (OAS). Earlier in the day, the OAS also issued a resolution calling on the combatants to end all hostilities. At 4:30 pm, representatives of loyalists, rebels and the US military signed a ceasefire that will take effect at 11:45 pm. The appointment of the treaty benefited the demoralized loyalists, who at the time lost control of the Colonial Colonial.
On May 5, the OAS Peace Committee arrived in Santo Domingo, a second, ceasefire agreement that was subsequently signed to end the main phase of the civil war. Under the Santo Domingo Act, the OAS is tasked with overseeing the implementation of the peace agreement and distributing food and medicine through the capital. The agreement failed completely to prevent abuses such as small-scale firing and sniper fire. One day later OAS members formed the Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF) with the aim of serving as a peacekeeping formation in the Dominican Republic. The IAPF comprises 1,748 Brazilian, Paraguayan, Nicaraguan, Costa Rican, Salvadorese and Honduran soldiers and is headed by Brazilian General Hugo Panasco Alvim, with US Army General Bruce Palmer serving as deputy commander.
AS. withdrawal
On May 26, US troops began to gradually withdraw from the island. On 15 June, the Constitutionalists launched a second and final attempt to expand the boundaries of their camps. In the bloodiest battle of intervention, the rebels began their attacks on US outposts. By using the biggest weapons to date, they use tear gas grenades, 50 caliber machine guns, 20 mm guns, mortars, rocket launchers, and fire tanks. The 1st Battalion of the Infantry 505 and 508 immediately attacked. Two days of fighting spent five KIA and 31 US WIA. Brazil counts five people injured. Constitutionalists claim 67 dead and 165 wounded.
The first postwar election was held on 1 July 1966, pitting candidate Reformist JoaquÃÆ'n Balaguer against former president Juan Emilio Bosch GaviÃÆ'Â ± o. Balaguer emerged victorious in the election, having built his campaign on reconciliation promises. On September 21, 1966, the OAS marine sanctuaries last retreat from the island, ending foreign intervention in the conflict.
See also
- History of the Dominican Republic
- United States Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916-24)
- The Bay of Pigs Invasion
- Johnson Doctrine
References
Further reading
External links
- Lyndon Johnson - About the Situation in the Dominican Republic
- Dominican Republic PSYOP
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-17A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-18A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-19A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film FILM REPORT 66-20A (1966) STAFF is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-22A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-25A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-28A (1966) is available for free download on the Internet Archive
- Short movies MARINES 65 (1966) are available for free download on the Internet Archive
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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