New Mexico

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New Mexico (Spanish: Nuevo MÃÆ' Â © xico pronounced ['nwe? O' mexiko] , Navajo: YootÃÆ'³ Hahoodzo pronounced [jÃÆ'²: txÃÆ'³ x ?? x? ÃÆ'²: tsÃÆ'²] ) is a state in the Southwest Region of the United States. With a population of about two million, New Mexico is the 36th most populous state. With a total area of ​​121,590 square meters (314,900 km ² ), it is the fifth largest and fifth most populous of fifty states. It is one of the State of the Mountain and shares the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. Its capital and cultural center is Santa Fe, while its largest city is Albuquerque. Due to its geographical location, Northern and Eastern New Mexico showcase a colder and mountainous climate while Western and Southern New Mexico show off a warmer and drier climate.

The New Mexico economy relies on oil drilling, mineral extraction, dryland farming, livestock breeding, timber milling, and retail trade. In 2016-2017, the total gross domestic product (GDP) is $ 95 billion with a per capita GDP of $ 45,465. The status of New Mexico as a tax haven produces low to moderate personal income taxes on residents and military personnel, and provides tax credits and exceptions to profitable industries. Therefore, the film industry has grown and donated $ 1.23 billion to its overall economy. Due to its vast territory and economic climate, New Mexico has a particularly striking US military presence especially with the White Sands Missile Range. US national security agencies base their research and test weapons in New Mexico such as Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories. During 1940, Project Y Project Manhattan developed and built the country's first atomic and nuclear bomb, Trinity.

Inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, it was colonized by Spain in 1598 as part of the perfection of Spanish Imperial New Spain. In 1563, he was named Nuevo MÃÆ'Ã… © xico after the Aztec Valley of Mexico by Spanish settlers, more than 250 years before the formation and naming of the current state of Mexico; so, the state of New Mexico is currently not named after the country now known as Mexico. Its geographic characteristics made effective political settlements and control difficult that drove Mexico's invasion and control of the region from 1824 to 1846. The origin of Spain's New Mexico made cultural integration with Mexico mismatched, prompting the Revolution 1837 and the growing economic relations with America widespread. Union. The Mexican-American War of 1848 indirectly took advantage of this tension and created the New Mexico New Mexico Region. It was recognized to the Union as state 47 on 6 January 1912.

Its history has given New Mexico the highest percentage of Hispanics and Latin America, and the second highest percentage of Native Americans as a proportion of the population (after Alaska). Three native American tribes - the Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache tribes living in New Mexico; historically Puebloans Ancestor, Mogollon, and Comanche and modern Utes are still inhabited by the state. The largest Hispanic and Latino groups represented include Hispanic New Mexico, Chicanos, and Mexican Americans. The New Mexico flag features Spanish origin country with the same red and gold color as the Spanish Burgundy Cross, along with ancient sun symbols from Zia, a tribe associated with Pueblo.

Video New Mexico

Etymology

New Mexico received its name long before the current state of Mexico won independence from Spain and adopted it in 1821. Spanish explorers recorded this region as New Mexico ( Nuevo MÃÆ'Ã… © xico in 1563. In 1581, Chamuscado and RodrÃÆ'guez Expedition named the northern region of the Rio Grande "San Felipe del Nuevo MÃÆ'Ã… © xico". The Spaniards hoped to find rich Mexican Indian cultures there similar to those in the Aztec Empire (Mexica) in the Mexican Valley. However, the indigenous culture of New Mexico proved unrelated to the Aztecs, and not rich. Prior to statehood, the name "New Mexico" was applied to various configurations of the US Territories, to the Mexican state, and to the provinces of New Spain, all in the same general area, but with various extensions.

Maps New Mexico

Geography

With a total area of ​​121,699 square miles (315,200 km ² ), the state is the US 5th largest state, and slightly larger than the British Isles. The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103 Â ° B longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and (due to a 19th century survey error) 2.2 miles (3.5 km) west of 103 Â ° B longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas forms the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora form the western third, with Chihuahua accounting for about 90% of it. The western border with Arizona stretches along 109 Â ° 03 'W longitude. The southwest corner of this state is known as Bootheel. Latitude latitude 37 Â ° C forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states of New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah gather at the Four Corners in the northwest corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, despite its great state, has little water. The water surface area is about 250 square miles (650 km ² ).

The New Mexico landscape ranges from a vast and pink desert to a broken mesas to a high peak and snow-covered. Despite the dry image of New Mexico, the heavily forested jungle of forests covers most of the country, especially to the north. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, flows roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande to the north, roughly pastoral. The most important rivers in New Mexico are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canada, San Juan, and Gila. The Rio Grande is bound to the fourth longest river in the United States.

The US government protects millions of hectares of New Mexico as a national forest, including:

• Carson National Forest
• Cibola National Forest (headquartered in Albuquerque)
• Lincoln National Forest
• Santa Fe National Forest (headquartered in Santa Fe)
• Crazy National Forest
• Wilderness Crazy

Areas administered by the National Park Service include:

• Aztec Ruins National Monument at Aztec
• Bandelier National Monument at Los Alamos
• Mount Merapi National Monument near Capulin
• Carlsbad Caverns National Park near Carlsbad
• Chaco Culture National Historical Park at Nageezi
• National History Track of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
• El Malpais National Monument at Grants
• El Morro National Monument in Rama
• Union Fortress National Monument at Watrous
• Crazy Cliff Dwellings National Monument near Silver City
• Spanish National Historical Trail
• Pecos National Historical Park in Pecos
• Petroglyph National Monument near Albuquerque
• Salinas Pueblo National Monument at Mountainair
• Santa Fe National Historic Trail
• White Pasir National Monument near Alamogordo
• Rio Grande del Norte National Monument near Taos
• Valles Caldera National Preserve

Visitors also often enjoy the original surviving pueblos in New Mexico. Travelers who visit these sites bring significant money to the state. Other areas of interest are geographically and beautifully including the Kasha-Katuwe and Gila Wilderness National Monument in the southwest of the state.

Climate

The climate of New Mexico is generally semi-arid and dry, although continental and alpine climatic areas exist, and its territory is largely covered by mountains, plains, and deserts. The Great Plains (Highlands) is in Eastern New Mexico, similar to the Colorado highlands in eastern Colorado. Both states have the same terrain, with both having plains, mountains, valleys, mesas, and desert lands. The average New Mexico state rainfall is 13.9 inches (350 mm) per year, with average monthly numbers peaking in summer, such as in Albuquerque, and Las Cruces in the south. The average annual temperature can range from 64  ° F (18  ° C) in the southeast to below 40  ° F (4  ° C) in the northern mountains. During the summer, daytime temperatures can often exceed 100Ã, ° F (38Ã,  ° C) at an altitude below 5,000 feet (1,500 m), the high average temperature in July ranging from 97Ã, ° F (36à ,  ° C) at lower altitude of up to 78  ° F (26  ° C) at higher altitudes. In the cold months of November to March, many cities in New Mexico can have nighttime temperatures in teenagers above zero, or lower. The highest recorded temperature in New Mexico was 122Ã, ° F (50Ã,  ° C) at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Loving on June 27, 1994, and the lowest recorded temperature was -50Ã,  ° F (-46Ã,  ° C) in Gavilan on 1 February 1951.

The astronomical observatory in New Mexico utilizes a very clear sky, including Apache Point Observatory, Extremely Array, Magdalena Ridge Observatory, and others.

Flora and Fauna

New Mexico has five unique floristic zones, providing a variety of habitats for many plants and animals. The Llano Estacado (or Shortgrass grassland) in the eastern part of the country is dominated by short grasses that form grass like blue grama, and is used to support bison. The Chihuahuan Desert extends through the southern part of the state and is dominated by the creosote of the bushes. The Colorado Plateau in the northwest corner of New Mexico is a tall desert with winter, and is characterized by shrubs, shadescale, greasewood, and other plants adapted to saline soil and soil. The mountainous Mogollon Plains in the central-western part of the state and the Southern Rocky Mountains in the north-central, have varying heights (4,000 to 13,000 feet), with the type of vegetation corresponding to the elevation gradient, such as piÃÆ' Â ± on- juniper forest near bases, through green firs, firs and aspen forests, Krummholz, and alpine tundra. The Apachian Zone tucked into the southwestern boot heels of the country has high calcium soils, oak forests, and Arizona cypress and other plants not found in other parts of the country.

Some of the original wildlife include black bears, bighorn sheep, bobcats, cougars, coyotes, deer, deer, jackabab, rat kangaroos, javalina, porcupines, pronghorn antelope, roadrunners, west diamondbacks, wild turkeys, and endangered Mexican gray wolves and Rio Grande silver minnow.

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History

The first known New Mexico resident is a member of the Paleo-Indian Clovis culture. The inhabitants then include the American Indians of Mogollon and the culture of the Ancient Pueblo nation. At the time of European contact in the 16th century, the area was populated by Pueblo community villages and Navajo, Apache, and Ute groups.

Francisco VÃÆ'¡squez de Coronado gathered a massive expedition at Compostela in 1540-1542 to explore and discover Seven Cities of Gold in Cibola as described by Fray Marcos de Niza. The name Nuevo MÃÆ' Â © xico was first used by a gold mine searcher named Francisco de Ibarra, who explored far north of New Spain in 1563 and reported his findings were in "New Mexico". Juan de OÃÆ'Â ± official meal set the name when he was appointed as first governor of New Province of New Mexico in 1598. That same year, he founded the colony of San Juan de los Caballeros, the first permanent European settlement in the state to come. New Mexico, in Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo. OÃÆ' Â ± dining extended El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, the Royal Road of the Interior, with 700 miles (1,100 km) from Santa BÃÆ'¡rbara, Chihuahua, to its remote colony.

The Santa Fe settlement was established at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost subrange of the Rocky Mountains, about 1608. The city, along with most of the country's settled territories, was abandoned by Spain for 12 years (1680-92) as a result of the Pueblo Revolt's success. After the death of Pueblo Popà © à © leader, Diego de Vargas restored the territory to the Spanish government. While developing Santa Fe as a trading hub, the re-settlers established Albuquerque in 1706 from surrounding communities, naming the place for the young king of New Spain, Francisco FernÃÆ'¡ndez de la Cueva, the 10th Prince of Alburquerque.

As part of New Spain, claims for the province of New Mexico were passed into independent Mexico in 1821 after Mexico's Independence War. The Republic of Texas claimed the eastern part of the Rio Grande when it broke away from Mexico in 1836, when it was incorrectly assumed that the older Hispanic settlements of the upper Rio Grande were the same as the newly established Mexican settlement in Texas. Texas business' only to establish a presence or control in the area claimed was the failed Expedition of Santa Fe Texan. All of their troops were arrested and imprisoned by the New Mexico Hispanic militia.

At the turn of the 19th century, the extreme northeastern part of New Mexico, north of the Canadian River and east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, was still claimed by the French, who sold it in 1803 to the United States as part of Louisiana Buying. The United States commissioned this part of New Mexico as part of the Louisiana Territory until 1812; that year Louisiana was recognized as a state. The US then reclassifies the region as part of the Missouri Territory. This state territory (along with the territories that make up the southeastern region of Colorado now, Texas and Oklahoma Panhandles, and southwest Kansas) was submitted to Spain under the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.

The independent Texas Republic also claims this part of New Mexico. By 1800, the population of Spain had reached 25,000, but Apache and Comanche raids on Hispanic settlers were common until entering the period of US occupation.

1848 submission of land

Following the victory of the United States in the Mexican-American War (1846-48), under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico surrendered its ownership in the north, today known as Southwest America and California, to the United States. The United States swears to accept citizens' claims to their land and accept them as citizens full of voting rights. These territorial and population controls resulted in Mexicans being legally classified as whites, because at that time, in most of southern South America, only whites were able to vote. However, Texas and other western countries are increasing barriers to voting and political participation by ethnic Mexicans, including blocking them from becoming jurors.

After Texas was accepted as a state for the Union, it continues to claim the northeastern part of New Mexico today. Finally, in the Compromise of 1850, Texas submitted these claims to the United States from the New Mexico region east of the Rio Grande, in exchange for $ 10 million.

Congress established the separate Territory of New Mexico in September 1850. This includes most of the states of Arizona and New Mexico today, and parts of Colorado. When the limit is set, the surveyor error gives the Permian Basin to the State of Texas. New Mexico dropped its claim to the Permian in an attempt to gain statehood in 1911.

In 1853, the United States acquired most of the southwestern desert basin of southern states and Arizona under the Gila River at Gadsden Purchase. He wants to control the land needed for the right-of-way to encourage the construction of transcontinental railways.

New Mexico plays a role in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Both the Confederate and Union governments claim ownership and territorial rights over the New Mexico Territory. In 1861, the Confederation claimed the southern channel as the Arizona Region itself and waged an ambitious New Mexico Campaign in an effort to control Southwest America and open access to Union California. The Confederate Power in the New Mexico Region was effectively damaged after the Glorieta Pass Battle of 1862. However, the Confederate territorial government continued to operate from Texas, and the Confederate troops marched under the Arizona banner until the end of the war. In addition, more than 8,000 people from the New Mexico Territory serve in the Union Army.

By the end of the 19th century, the majority of the population officially from Europe in New Mexico were ethnic Mexicans, many of whom had deep roots in the area since early Spanish colonial times. Politically, they still control most of the city and county offices through regional elections, and rich shepherd families have a big influence. Anglo-Americans tend to have more contact with the governors and district judges, appointed by officials outside the region. Both groups are fighting for power and the future of the region. Anglo Minority "outnumbered, but well-organized and growing". Anglo-Americans make the difference between rich Mexicans and poor-educated poor workers.

the 20th century to present

Congress recognized New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on January 6, 1912.

The European-American settlers in the state had an uneasy relationship with Native American tribes, most of whose members lived on reservation in the early twentieth century. Although Congress passed a law in 1924 that provided all Native Americans with US citizenship, as well as the right to vote in federal and state elections, New Mexico was among several states restricting India's vote by increasing barriers to voter registration. Their constitution says that Indians who do not pay taxes can not vote, in their interpretation disqualifies native Americans living on reservations (but only tax-exempt land.)

The invention of large oils in 1928 brought prosperity to the country, especially Lea County and Hobbs city. The city is named after James Hobbs, a guesthouse there in 1907. Midwest State No. 1, starting at the end of 1927 with a standard equipment wire drilling rig, revealing the first signs of oil from the Hobbs field on June 13, 1928 Drilled to 4,330 feet and completed a few months later, the well produced 700 barrels of oil per day on state soil. The Midwest Refining Company Hobbs produced oil well until 2002. The New Mexico Mining and Mineral Resources Bureau calls it "the single most important oil discovery in New Mexico history".

During World War II, the first atomic bomb was designed and produced at Los Alamos, a site developed by the federal government specifically to support high-intensity scientific efforts to quickly complete the research and testing of these weapons. The first bombs were tested on the Trinity site in the desert between Socorro and Alamogordo in what is now the White Sands Missile Range.

Native Americans from New Mexico fought for the United States in the First and Second World Wars. Veterans are disappointed to return and find their civil rights limited by state discrimination. In Arizona and New Mexico, veterans challenged state laws or practices that forbade them to vote. In 1948, after veteran Miguel Trujillo, Sr. Isleta Pueblo was told by the county clerk that she could not register to vote, she filed a lawsuit against the county in a federal district court. The three-judge panel is reversed as an unconstitutional New Mexico provision that Indians who do not pay taxes (and can not document if they pay taxes) can not vote.

Judge Phillips wrote:

Other citizens, irrespective of race, in the State of New Mexico who have not paid a penny of any kind or character, if he has other qualifications, may vote. An Indian, and only Indian, in order to qualify to vote must pay taxes. How can you escape the conclusions that make the requirement with respect to Indians as qualified to carry out the elective franchise and not to make any requirement with regard to any race members outside me.

New Mexico has benefited substantially from federal spending on major military and research institutions in the state. It is home to three Air Force bases, the White Sands Missile Range, and the Federal Research Laboratory of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The country's population grew rapidly after World War II, growing from 531,818 in 1940 to 1,819,046 in 2000. Both residents and businesses moved to the state; some northerners came at first for a mild winter; others to retire.

At the end of the 20th century, Native Americans were authorized by federal law to create game casinos on their reservations under certain conditions, in countries that have authorized the game. Such facilities have helped tribes close to the population centers to generate revenues for reinvestment in the economic development and welfare of their people.

In the 21st century, the growth areas of work in New Mexico include India's microelectronics, call centers and casinos.

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Demographics

Population

The US Census Bureau estimates that the New Mexico population is 2,085,109 as of July 1, 2015, a 1.26% increase since the US Census 2010. The 2000 US Census records the New Mexico population to 1,819,046; Ten years later the US Census 2010 recorded a population of 2,059,179, up 11.7%.

Of people living in New Mexico, 51.4% were born in New Mexico, 37.9% were born in different US states, 1.1% were born in Puerto Rico, US Island territory, or born overseas for American parents, and 9.7% were born overseas.

On May 1, 2010, 7.5% of the New Mexico population was reported to be under 5 years old, 25% under 18, and 13% were 65 or older; women account for about 51% of the population.

In 2000, 8% of the country's population was born overseas.

Among the US states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanic descent, ie 47% (as of July 1, 2012). This classification includes people of very different cultures and histories, including descendants of Spanish colonists with deep roots in the region, and new immigrants from different countries in Latin America, each with their own culture.

According to United States Census Bureau, Small Area Income & amp; Estimated Poverty, the number of people in poverty has increased to 400,779 (19.8% of the population) in 2010 from 2000. At that time, the estimated number of people in poverty was recorded at 309,193 (17.3% of the population). The latest estimates available for 2014 estimate the number of poor people in 420,388 (20.6% of the population).

Birth data

Note: Births in the tables do not increase, as Hispanic people are well-regarded by their ethnicities and by their race, giving a higher overall figure.

Since 2016, Hispanic Hispanic data are not collected, but are included in a group of Hispanic ; Hispanic people may come from any race.

Settlements

Ancestor

New Mexico is a minority majority country.

The US Census Bureau estimates that 48% of the total population of 2015 is Hispanic or Latino of any race, the highest of all states. The majority of Hispanics in New Mexico claim to be descendants of Spanish colonists who settled here during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They spoke Spanish or New Spanish at home.

The state also has a large Native American population, second in percentage behind Alaska. The population race composition of 2016 is estimated to be:

• 82.6% White America
• 10.6% American Indians and Alaskan Native
• 2.5% Black or African American
• 1.7% Asia
• 0.2% of Hawaii and other Pacific Islanders
• 2.5% Two or more races
• 48.5% Hispanic or Latin
• 38.1% White only

According to the US Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population identifies as multiracial/mixed races, populations larger than the Asian population group and NHPI. In 2008, New Mexico had the highest percentage (47%) of Hispanics (any race) of any country, with 83% of native births and 17% of foreign births.

According to the 2000 US Census, the most frequently claimed ancestral groups in New Mexico are:

• Mexico (16.3%)
• American Indians (10.3%)
• Germany (9.8%),
• Spanish (9.3%) and
• English (7.2%).

Language

According to the US Census in 2010, 28.45% of the population aged 5 years and over spoke Spanish at home, while 3.50% spoke with Navajo. Speakers of the Spanish New Mexico dialect are primarily descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The New Mexican Spanish is an ancient form of 17th century Castilian Spanish.

Official language

The original state constitution of 1912 provided bilingual government with laws published in English and Spanish; this requirement was renewed twice, in 1931 and 1943. Nevertheless, the constitution did not declare any language as "official". While Spain was allowed in the legislature until 1935, all state officials were required to have a sound knowledge of English. Cobarrubias and Fishman argue that New Mexico can not be considered a bilingual state because not all laws are published in both languages. Others, such as Juan Perea, claimed that the country was officially bilingual until 1953.

With regard to the judiciary, the witness has the right to testify in one of two languages, and a single Spanish language speaker has the same right to be considered for jury duties as practiced by English speakers. In public education, the state has a constitutional obligation to provide bilingual and Spanish speaking instructors in the school districts where the majority of students are hispanophone.

In 1995, the country adopted the official bilingual song, "New Mexico - Mi Lindo Nuevo MÃÆ'Ã… © xico". In 1989, New Mexico became the first state to officially adopt the Plus English resolution, and in 2008, the first officially adopted Navajo textbooks for use in public schools.

Religion

According to the Association of Religious Data Archives (ARDA), the largest denomination in 2010 was the Catholic Church with 684,941; Southern Baptist Convention with 113,452; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 67,637, and United Methodist Church with 36,424 adherents. According to a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Center, the most self-reported religious affiliation of a New Mexico resident is mentioned as a reference.

In the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, New Mexico includes the Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three dioceses, one of them is the archdiocese: Santa Fe archdiocese, Gallup diocese, Las Cruces diocese.

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Economy

Oil and gas production, tourism, and federal government spending are an important driver of the country's economy. The state government has a complex tax credit and technical assistance system to encourage employment and business investment growth, especially in new technologies.

Economic indicators

In 2010, New Mexico's Gross Domestic Product was $ 80 billion, and about $ 85 billion for 2013. In 2007, personal per capita income was $ 31,474 (ranked 43th in the country). In 2005, the percentage of people below the poverty level was 18.4%. The New Mexico Department of Tourism estimates that in Fiscal 2006, the travel industry in New Mexico generated expenditures of $ 6.5 billion. As of April 2012, the country's unemployment rate was 7.2%. During the late 2000s recession, New Mexico's unemployment rate peaked at 8.0% for the period from June to October 2010.

Oil and gas production

New Mexico is the fourth leading crude and leading producer of natural gas (EIA.gov 2015) in the United States. The Permian Basin (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field) and San Juan Basin are partly located in New Mexico. In 2006, New Mexico accounted for 3.4% of crude oil, 8.5% of dry natural gas, and 10.2% of natural gas liquids produced in the United States. In 2000, the value of oil and gas produced was $ 8.2 billion.

Federal Government

Federal government spending is a major driver of New Mexico's economy. In 2005, the federal government spent $ 2.03 in New Mexico for every dollar tax revenue collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other country in the Union.

Much of the federal work relates to the military; the host country of three air force bases (Kirtland Air Force Base, Holloman Air Force Base, and Cannon Air Force Base); testing range (White Sands Missile Range); and army proofing and maneuvering fields (Fort Bliss - McGregor Range). The May 2005 estimate by New Mexico State University is that 11.65% of total state jobs appear directly or indirectly from military spending. Other federal installations include the laboratory technology of Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories.

Economic incentives

New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives for businesses operating in the state, including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions. Most incentives are based on job creation.

The New Mexico law allows governments to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure for businesses to promote job creation. Some municipalities have imposed a Gross Economic Development Tax (a form of Urban Infrastructure, GRT) used to finance these infrastructure improvements and to market their territories.

The state provides financial incentives for film production. The New Mexico Film Office estimates at the end of 2007 that the incentive program has brought more than 85 film projects to the country since 2003 and has added $ 1.2 billion to the economy.

Taxation

Since 2008, personal income tax rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 4.9%, in four income brackets. In 2007, active-duty military salaries were exempted from state income taxes. New Mexico is one of the largest taxpayers in the US, offering a range of economic incentives and tax breaks on personal and corporate income. It has no inheritance tax, inheritance tax, or sales tax.

New Mexico imposes a Gross Revenue Tax (GRT) on many transactions, which may even include some government receipts. This resembles a sales tax but, unlike sales taxes in many states, it applies to services as well as real goods. Typically, providers or sellers submit taxes to buyers, but legal events and expenses apply to businesses, as excise taxes. GRT is charged by the state and there may be additional locality components to generate a total tax rate. As of July 1, 2013, the combined tax rate ranged from 5.125% to 8.6875%.

Property taxes are imposed on real property by country, by district, and by school district. In general, private property that is used personally is not subject to property tax. On the other hand, property taxes are levied on most private properties that are used for business. The taxable property value is 1/3 of the assessed value. A tax rate of about 30 factories is applied to the taxable value, resulting in an effective tax rate of about 1%. In the 2005 tax year, the average millage was about 26.47 for residential property, and 29.80 for non-residential property. The assessed value of the residence can not be increased more than 3% per annum unless the residence is renovated or sold. Property tax cuts are available for military veterans and heads of households.

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Transportation

New Mexico has long been an important corridor for trade and migration. The ruin builders in Chaco Canyon also created a road network that emanated from a mysterious settlement. Chaco Canyon's trading function shifts to Casas Grandes in the current Mexican state of Chihuahua, however, north-south trade continues. Pre-Columbian trade with Mesoamerican culture includes northern exotic birds, seashells and copper. Turquoise, pottery, and salt are some items that are transported south along the Rio Grande. Presently the pre-Columbian New Mexico trade is extraordinary because it is done on foot. The north-south trading route then became a way for the colonists with horses arriving from New Spain as well as trade and communications. The route is called El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro .

The Santa Fe Trail is a vital commercial and military highway in the US in the 19th century to the East of the United States. All with termini in Northern New Mexico, Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail and the Old Spanish Trail are all recognized as National Historic Trails. The latitude and low pass of New Mexico make it an attractive east-west transport corridor. As a region, Purchase of Gadsden increases the area of ​​New Mexico land for the purpose of building the southern transcontinental railway, namely from the South Pacific Railroad. Other transcontinental trains are completed by Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway. The railroads essentially replace the previous lane but carry on the population explosion. The early continental car line then crossing the country brought more migrants. Trains are then added or replaced by road and airport systems. Today, Interstate Highways New Mexico estimates the early inland routes of Camino Real, the Santa Fe Trail, and the transcontinental rail line.

Road

New Mexico has problems with drunk driving, but it has diminished. According to the Los Angeles Times, for many years the state has the highest level of alcohol-related disability in the US, but ranked 25th in the fatality rate of alcohol-related fatalities, as of July 2009.

The car changed the character of New Mexico, marking the commencement of large-scale immigration to states from elsewhere in the United States. Settlers who moved to the West during the Great Depression and American culture after World War II captured the National Old Trails Highway, then US Route 66. Today, cars are very reliable in New Mexico for transportation.

New Mexico had 59,927 miles of highway routes in 2000, of which 7,037 received federal assistance. In the same year there was a 1.003 mile (1,614 km) highway, of which 1000 is a mile route from Interstate Highways 10, 25 and 40. The previous number has increased with the increase of roads near Pojoaque, Santa Fe and Las Cruces to the freeway. The highway traffic death rate was 1.9 deaths per million miles committed in 2000, the 13th highest rate among US states. The famous bridge includes the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge near Taos. In 2001, 703 highway bridges, or one percent, were declared "structural defects" or "structurally obsolete".

Rural and intercity transport by road is provided by Americanos USA, LLC, Greyhound Lines and some government operators.

Mass urban transport

New Mexico Rail Runner Express is a commuter train system serving the metropolitan area of ​​Albuquerque, New Mexico. It started operations on July 14, 2006. The system runs from Belen to downtown Santa Fe. Major cities in New Mexico usually have some form of public transport by road; ABQ RIDE is the largest such system in the state.

Rel

There were 2,354 miles of railroad routes in 2000, this number increased with the opening of the Rail Runner extension to Santa Fe. In addition to local railways and other tourist routes, the country jointly owns and operates narrow steam railway tracks with historical heritage, Cumbres Railway and Toltec Railroad, with the state of Colorado. The narrow gauge railway has connected many communities in the northern part of the state, from Farmington to Santa Fe. No less than 100 railroads of different names and lineages have operated in jurisdictions at some point. New Mexico railway transportation system culminates in terms of length after entering as a country; in 1914 eleven railroads operated 3124 miles of routes.

The train surveyor arrived in New Mexico in the 1850s. The first train was founded in 1869. The first operational train, Atchison, Topeka & amp; Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), entered the territory through the favorable and contested Raton Pass in 1878. It finally reached El Paso, Texas in 1881 and with the Southern Pacific Railroad creating a second transcontinental railway with intersections at Deming. The South Pacific Railroad entered the area from the Arizona Region in 1880. The Denver & amp; The Rio Grande Railway, which will generally use narrow gauges in New Mexico, entered the area from Colorado and began operating into EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola on December 31, 1880. The first railway was built as a long-range corridor, then the construction of railroads also target resource extraction.

Freight

New Mexico is served by two first-class trains, BNSF Railways and Union Pacific Railways. Combined, they operate 2,200 mile railroad tracks in the state.

Passenger

A commuter train operation, New Mexico Rail Runner Express, connects the nation's capital, its largest city, and other communities. The state-owned private-operated railway began operating in July 2006. The entire BNSF Railway line from Belen to Raton, New Mexico was sold to the state, partly for the construction of phase II of this operation, which opened in December 2008. Phase II of Rail Runner extends the line northward to Santa Fe from Sandoval County station, the northernmost station under Phase I service. The service now connects Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo and Valencia districts. The trains connect the Albuquerque population base and the central business district to downtown Santa Fe with up to eight return trips a day. Parts of the line that lead south to Belen are rarely served. Rail Runner operates scheduled services seven days per week.

With the advent of rail transport many settlements grow or are established and the area becomes a tourist destination. In early 1878, ATSF promoted tourism in the region with an emphasis on the image of Native Americans. Named trains often reflect the territories they go through: Super Chief , efficient successors for Chief ; Navajo , an early continental carriage tour; and the Cavern, a car operation connecting Clovis and Carlsbad (in the early 1950s as a 23-24 train), were some passenger trains named ATSF linking New Mexico.

The passenger train service once connects nine of the ten most populous cities in New Mexico (excluding Rio Rancho), while today's passenger train services connect two: Albuquerque and Santa Fe. With the decline of most inter-city rail services in the United States in the late 1960s, New Mexico was left with minimal service. No less than six daily long-distance trains equipped with many branch lines and local trains serving New Mexico in the early 1960s. The decline in passenger incomes, but not necessarily passengers, prompted many railroads to hand over their passenger services in truncated form to Amtrak, a state-owned company. Amtrak, also known as the National Passenger Railway Company, began operating two long-haul routes remained in May 1971. The revival of passenger train services from Denver to El Paso, a route passed by ATSF El Pasoan , has been proposed for many years. In the early 1980s, former Governor Toney Anaya proposed the construction of a high-speed rail line connecting two cities with major New Mexico cities. Front Range Commuter Rail is a project to connect Wyoming and New Mexico with high speed rail.

Amtrak's Southwest Chief passes daily at stations in Gallup, Albuquerque, Lamy, Las Vegas, and Raton, offering connections to Los Angeles, Chicago and the midpoints. The Southwest Chief is a fast Amtrak long-distance train, allowing a maximum speed of 90 mph (140 km/h) at various places on the BNSF Railway tracks. It also operates on tracking New Mexico Rail Runner Express. Southwest Chief is the successor of Super Head and El Capitan . The streamliner of Super Chief, the favorite of the early Hollywood stars, is one of the most famous named trains in the United States and one of the most distinguished for its luxury and exuberance - the wagon car is named for the Native Americans and equipped with works of art from many local artists - but also for its speed: at least 39 hours 45 minutes west.

The Sunset Limited makes it stop three times a week in both directions at Lordsburg, and Deming, serving Los Angeles, New Orleans and midpoint. The Sunset Limited is the successor to the Southern Pacific Railroad train of the same name and operates exclusively on the Union Pacific line in New Mexico.

Aerospace

The Albuquerque International Sunport is the country's premier port for air transport.

Upham, near Truth or Consequences is the site of the world's first specially built and custom-made space port, Spaceport America. The rocket launch began in April 2007. It has not been developed and has one tenant, UP Aerospace, launching a small payload. Virgin Galactic, a space tourism company, plans to make this their primary base of operations.

src: www.nmag.gov

Government and politics

Government

The New Mexico Constitution forms the structure of the New Mexico government. The government's executive branch is fragmented as defined in the state constitution. The executive consists of Governors and elected officials throughout the state including Lieutenant Governor (elected on the same ticket as the Governor), the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the State Auditor, the Treasurer, and the Public Land Commissioner. The governor appoints a cabinet which presides over officially appointed institutions under its jurisdiction. The New Mexico legislature consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The court consists of the Supreme Court of New Mexico and the lower courts. There are also local governments, consisting of districts, municipalities and special districts.

Politics

The current governor Susana Martinez (R) and Lieutenant Governor John Sanchez (R), were first elected in 2010, and re-elected in 2014. Provisions for the Governor and Lt. Governor expire in January 2019. The governor serves a period of four years, and can look for re-election for one additional term (limit of two terms). Other constitutional officials, whose terms also expire in January 2019, include Foreign Minister Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D), Attorney General Hector Balderas (D), State Auditor Wayne Johnson (R), State Land Commissioner Aubrey Dunn (L), and State Treasurer Tim Eichenberg (D).

Currently, the two rooms of the New Mexico State Legislature have the majority of Democrats. There are 26 Democrats and 16 Republicans in the Senate, and 38 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the House of Representatives.

New Mexico United States Senate members are Democrats Martin Heinrich and Tom Udall. Democrats Michelle Lujan Grisham and Ben R. LujÃÆ'¡n represent the first and third congress districts, respectively, and Republican Steve Pearce represents the second congress district in the United States House of Representatives. See map of the New Mexico congress.

New Mexico has been regarded as a swing state, whose population has favored Democratic and Republican presidential candidates but has become more of a Democrat stronghold after the 2008 presidential election. The governor is Susana Martinez (R), who replaced Bill Richardson (D) on January 1, 2011 after taking office two periods as governor from 2003 to 2011. Prior to Richardson, Gary Johnson served as governor from 1995 to 2003. Johnson served as Republican, but in 2012 and 2016, he ran for President of the Libertarian Party. In the previous presidential election, Al Gore brought the country (with 366 votes) in 2000; George W. Bush won five New Mexico electoral votes in 2004, and the state electoral vote was won by Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton in 2008, 2012, and 2016. Since reaching the state in 1912, New Mexico has been brought about by popular national voice won in every presidential election for the last 104 years, except 1976, when Gerald Ford won the country by 2%, but lost a popular national vote of 2%.

Democratic strongholds in the state include the Santa Fe Area, various areas of the Albuquerque Metro Area (such as the southeastern and central areas, including the prosperous Nob Hill neighborhood and around the University of New Mexico), Northern and West Central New Mexico, and most of the population reservations Native Americans, especially the Navajo Nation. Republicans traditionally have their fortifications in the eastern and southern states, the Farmington area, Rio Rancho, and the newly developed area in mesa Northwest. Albuquerque's Northeast Heights has historically restated the Republic, but it has become a key swing area for Democrats in recent electoral cycles. While the registered Democrats exceed the number of Republicans registered by nearly 200,000, New Mexico voters have favored moderate and conservative candidates from both state and federal parties.

On major political issues, New Mexico abolished the death penalty law, though not retroactively, effective July 1, 2009. This means individuals in the New Mexico Death Line can still be executed. On March 18, 2009, then Governor Bill Richardson signed a law that abolished the death penalty in New Mexico after the election of the assembly and the senate the previous week, becoming the 15th US state to remove the sentence.

On weapons control, New Mexico arguably has some of the most rigorous firearms laws in the country. State law prevents all local arms control regulations. Unlike countries with strong weapons control laws, New Mexico residents can buy firearms that are considered legitimate under federal law. There is no waiting period under state law to pick up firearms after purchase, and there is no limit on the capacity of the magazine. In addition, New Mexico allows carrying open firearms without permission, and "to be issued" for concealed concealment.

Prior to December 2013, New Mexico law did not explicitly allow or ban same-sex marriages. Policies on issuing marriage certificates for same-sex couples are determined at the district level; ie some local officials issue marriage certificates for same-sex couples, while others do not. In December 2013, the Supreme Court of New Mexico issued a unanimous decision directing all county clerks to issue marriage certificates to same-sex couples, thus making New Mexico the 17th country to recognize same-sex marriage at the state level.

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Education

Due to the relatively low population, in combination with many federally funded research facilities, New Mexico had the highest concentration of PhD holders in any state in 2000. Nevertheless, the state routinely ranked at the bottom of the primary and secondary quality surveys. school education.

New Mexico has a higher concentration of people who do not complete high school or have college without a degree than the nation as a whole. For the state, 23.9% of people over 25 years have gone to college but are not earning a degree. This compares to 21.0% of the entire nation according to estimates of the American Society 2014 Bureau of Surveys. Los Alamos County has the highest percentage of secondary title holders from any region in New Mexico with 38.7% of the population (4,899 people) estimated by the 2010-2014 American Community Survey.

Primary and secondary education

The New Mexico Department of Public Education oversees primary and secondary school operations.

Colleges and universities

Major country universities

• University of New Mexico in Albuquerque
• State University of New Mexico at Las Cruces
• University of New Mexico East in Portales
• University of New Mexico Highlands in Las Vegas
• Western New Mexico University in Silver City
• Mining & amp; New Mexico Technology in Socorro

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Culture

With a native American population of 134,000 in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of Indigenous American culture. Both Navajo and Apache share the origin of Athabaskan. Apache and some Ute live in federal reservations in the state. With 16 million acres (6,500,000 ha), mostly in neighboring Arizona, the Navajo Nation reservation ranks the largest in the United States. Pueblo prehistoric Indians live in pueblos scattered throughout the state. Nearly half of New Mexicoers claim Hispanic origin; many are descendants of colonial settlers. They settled in the northern part of the state. Most Mexican immigrants live in the southern part of the state. Also 10-15% of the population, especially in the north, may contain Hispanic Jewish descent.

Many New Mexicans speak with a unique Spanish dialect. Due to the historical isolation of New Mexico from other Spanish speakers, some New Mexico Spanish vocabulary is unknown to other Spanish speakers. It uses many native American words for local features and includes attenuated words that express American concepts and modern inventions.

Albuquerque has the Museum of Natural History and Science of New Mexico, National Hispanic Cultural Center, and National Museum of Nuclear Science & amp; History, as well as hosted the famous annual Albuquerque International Balloon Festival each fall.

Art and literature

The earliest New Mexico artists whose work survives to this day are the Mimbres Indians, whose black and white pottery can be mistaken for modern art, except for the fact that it was produced before 1130 AD. See the Mimbres culture. Many examples of this work can be seen at the Deming Luna Mimbres Museum and at the Western New Mexico University Museum.

The great artistic community thrives in Santa Fe, and includes people like Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, John Connell, and Steina Vasulka. The capital has several art museums, including the New Mexico Art Museum, the Spanish Colonial Art Museum, the International Folk Art Museum, the Indian Museum of Art and Culture, the Museum of Contemporary Indigenous Art, the SITE Santa Fe and others. The colony for artists and writers flourished, and the small town was filled with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual Santa Fe Indian Market, which is the world's oldest and largest indigenous art exhibit in the world. Performing arts include the famous Santa Fe Opera that serves five operas in the treasury every July to August, the Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival is held every summer, and the restored Lensic Theater becomes the premier venue for many different types of shows. Santa Fe is also home to Frogville Records, an indie record label. The weekend after Labor Day boasts Zozobra's burning, 50 foot (15 m) marionette, during Fiestas de Santa Fe.

Art is also often a theme in Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico. The National Hispanic Cultural Center has held hundreds of performing arts events, art exhibitions and other events related to Spanish culture in New Mexico and around the world at the Roy E Disney Center show center for the Performing Arts or elsewhere at the 53 acre facility. New Mexico residents and visitors alike can enjoy art performances from around the world at Popejoy Hall on New Mexico University campus. Popejoy Hall hosts the singers, dancers, Broadway shows, other types of acts, and Shakespeare. Albuquerque also has a unique and memorable KiMo Theater built in 1927 in the Pueblo Revival Style architecture. The KiMo presents live theaters and concerts as well as simulcast movies and operas. In addition to other public-interest theater, Albuquerque also has the African American Center for the Performing Arts and Exhibition Hall featuring achievements by African-Americans and the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center highlighting the cultural heritage of the First Nations community in New Mexico.

New Mexico holds its Spanish heritage. Ancient Spanish traditions such as zarzuelas and flamenco are popular in New Mexico. Flamenco dancers and native New Mexico MarÃÆ'a BenÃÆ'tez founded the Maria BenÃÆ'tez Institute for the Arts of Spain "to present the highest quality programs of Spain's rich artistic heritage, as expressed through music, dance, visual arts, and other art forms." There is also the annual Flamenco Internacional de Alburquerque Festival held where the original Spanish and New Mexico flamenco dancers perform at the University of New Mexico.

In the mid-20th century there was a growing school of Hispano literature and scholarships produced in English and Spanish. Among the more famous authors are: Angà ©  © lico ChÃÆ'¡vez, Nina Otero-Warren, Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Aurelio Espinosa, Cleofas Jaramillo, Juan Bautista Rael, and Aurora Lucero-White Lea. In addition, author D. H. Lawrence lived near Taos in the 1920s, at D. H. Lawrence Ranch, where there is a shrine that is said to contain its ashes.

The powerful New Mexico border motif of Spain, Native America and the Wild West has been the subject of many writers in this state, including internationally recognized Rudolfo Anaya and Tony Hillerman.

Silver City, in the southwestern mountains of the state, was originally a mining town, and at least one nearby mine was still operating. Perhaps now better known as the home of and/or exhibition center for a large number of artists, visuals and vice versa. Another former mining town that became an art haven is Madrid, New Mexico. It was brought to national fame as the filming location for the movie Wild Hogs in 2007. The city of Las Cruces, in southern New Mexico, has a museum system affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution's Affiliate Program. Las Cruces also has cultural and artistic opportunities for residents and visitors alike.

Apart from the mentioned Wild Hogs, other movies filmed in New Mexico include Sunshine Cleaning and Vampires.

Various Season A & amp; E/Netflix Longmire has been filmed in several locations in New Mexico, including Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Eagle Nest, and Red River.

Sports

There are no major league professional sports teams based in New Mexico, but Albuquerque Isotopes is a Pacific-League Triple-A baseball affiliate of the MLB Colorado Rockies. New Mexico is home to some of the Pecos League baseball teams: Santa Fe Fuego, Roswell Invaders, and White Sands Pupfish. The Duke City Gladiators of the CIF is an indoor soccer team that plays their home game at the Tingley Coliseum. Albuquerque Sol F.C is a football club playing in the PDL (4th tier of the pyramid of American football).

College athletics in New Mexico involves various teams of University of New Mexico Lobos and New Mexico State Aggies in many sports. Over the years, the two universities have a rivalry known as the "Rio Grande Competition" or "Battle of I-25" in recognition of campuses located along the interstate highways. NMSU also has a competition with the University of Texas in El Paso called "The Battle of I-10". The winner of the NMSU-UTEP football game receives the Silver Spade trophy.

Olympic gold medalist Tom Jager, who is a controversial altitude training supporter for swimming, has organized a training camp in Albuquerque (elevation 5,312 ft (1,619.1 m)) and Los Alamos (7,320 ft (2,231 m)).

The NRA Whittington Center at Raton is the largest and most comprehensive combat shooting facility and training in the United States.

src: nmkofc.org

See also

• New Mexico related article index
• Outline of New Mexico - list of organized topics about New Mexico

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References

src: www.climbing.com

Further reading

Primary source

src: a.travel-assets.com

External links

• New Mexico in Curlie (based on DMOZ)

Government of the State

• The Government of New Mexico
• New Mexico State Databases - An anonymous list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Roundtable Government Document of the American Library Association.
• Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER) at the University of New Mexico - There is to provide credible and objective data and research to inform the economic and public policy developments in New Mexico.

US Government

• New Mexico Guide, from the Library of Congress
• Energy Profiles for New Mexico- Economic, environmental, and energy data
• New Mexico - Science In Your Backyard - The Geological Society of the United States
• "American Southwest" - Discover Our Joint Heritage travel itinerary - National Park Service
• Facts of the country New Mexico - Economic Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture

Tourism

• Flora from Crazy National Forest in New Mexico
• Geographic data associated with New Mexico in OpenStreetMap

Source of the article : Wikipedia