Internet Backbone may be defined by major data routes between large computer networks and strategic interconnection networks and core routers on the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, Internet exchange points and network access points, which exchange Internet traffic between countries, continents and the entire ocean. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic with privately negotiated interconnection agreements, principally governed by the principle of surveillance free settlement.
Video Internet backbone
History
The first packet-switched computer network was the NPL network, followed by the ARPANET. The latter uses a backbone router called Interface Message Processors. Both the NPL and ARPANET networks were interconnected in 1973, while other packet-switched computer networks began to breed in the 1970s, eventually adopting the TCP/IP protocol or being replaced by newer networks. The National Science Foundation created the NSFNET in 1986 by funding six networking sites using 56 kbit/s linking and peering into the ARPANET. In 1987, the new network was upgraded to the 1.5 Mbit/s T1 link for thirteen sites. These sites include regional networks that in turn connect more than 170 other networks. IBM, MCI and Merit increased the backbone to 45 Mbit/s bandwidth (T3) in 1991. The combination of ARPANET and NSFNET became known as the Internet. Within a few years, the dominance of the NSFNet backbone led to the decommissioning of the ARPANET excessive infrastructure in 1990.
In the early days of the Internet, backbone providers swapped their traffic at government-sponsored access point networks (NAPs), until the government privatized the Internet, and transferred NAPs to commercial providers.
Maps Internet backbone
Architecture Principles
The Internet, and consequently its backbone network, does not depend on central control or coordination facilities, nor does it implement any global network policy. The resilience of the Internet results from its main architectural features, especially the idea of ​​placing as the network state and control functions as little as possible within network elements, and instead relying on communication endpoints to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication. In addition, high-level redundancy from current network links and advanced real-time routing protocols provide alternative communication paths for load balancing and congestion avoidance.
Infrastructure
The backbone of the Internet is the conglomeration of many redundant networks owned by many companies. This is usually a fiber optic path. Baggage lines consist of many fiber optic cables combined to increase capacity. The backbone can alter traffic in the event of a failure. The data rate of the backbone line increases over time. In 1998, all US backbone networks have used data rates of at least 45 Mbit/s. However, the enhanced technology allows 41 percent of the spine to have a data rate of 2,488 Mbit/second or faster in the mid-2000s. Fiber optic cables are the media of choice for Internet backbone providers for various reasons. Fiber optics enables fast data rates and large bandwidth; they suffer from a slight damping, allowing them to travel long distances with multiple repeaters; they are also immune to crosstalk and other forms of electromagnetic interference that interfere with electrical transmission.
Modern backbone
Due to the enormous overlap between long-distance telephone networks and backbone networks, the largest long-distance carriers such as AT & amp; T Inc., MCI (Acquired in 2006 by Verizon), Sprint, and CenturyLink also have some of the largest Internet backbone networks. These backbone providers sell their services to Internet service providers (ISPs).
Each ISP has its own contingency network and is equipped with a backup that is outsourced. These networks intertwine and cross each other to create a redundant network. Many companies operate their own backbone that are all connected at various Internet exchange points (IXP) around the world. In order for the data to navigate the web, it is necessary to have a backbone router, which the router is powerful enough to handle information on the Internet backbone and be able to direct data to another router to send it to its final destination. Without them, the information will be lost.
Tier 1 Provider
The largest providers, known as tier 1 providers, have a comprehensive network so they never buy public transport agreements from other providers. In 2014 there are seven tier 1 providers in the telecommunications industry. Current Tier 1 operators include CenturyLink, Telia Carrier, NTT, Cogent, Level 3, GTT, and Tata Communications.
Economic backbone
Peering Agreement
The same ordinary market backbone providers regularly create agreements called peering agreements, which allow the use of other networks to handle the traffic that is ultimately delivered. Usually they do not charge each other for this, because companies earn income from their customers.
Transit agreement
Backbone advocates of unequal market share usually create agreements called transit agreements, and usually contain some kind of monetary agreement.
Rule
The antitrust authorities have acted to ensure that no provider grows large enough to dominate the backbone market. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has decided not to monitor the competitive aspects of Internet backbone interconnection relationships as long as the market continues to function properly.
Backbone Regional
Egypt
The Egyptian government closed four major ISPs on January 27, 2011 at around 5:20 pm. It proved the network was not physically disturbed, as Internet transit traffic through Egypt, like the flow of traffic from Europe to Asia, was not affected. Instead, the government closed the border gate protocol session (BGP) which announced local routes. BGP is responsible for managing traffic between ISPs.
Only one Egyptian ISP was allowed to continue operations. ISP Noor Group provides only connectivity to the Egyptian stock exchange as well as some government ministries. Other ISPs are beginning to offer free dial-up Internet access in other countries.
Europe
Europe is a major contributor to the growth of international backbone as well as a contributor to the growth of Internet bandwidth. In 2003, Europe was credited with 82 percent of international cross-border bandwidth. Level 3 Companies Communications began launching dedicated Internet access points and virtual private network services in 2011, giving large companies direct access to the tier 3 backbone. Connecting companies directly to the backbone will provide faster Internet services to companies that meet market demands the big one.
Caucasus
Certain countries around the Caucasus have a very simple backbone network; for example, in 2011, a woman in Georgia broke through the fiber spine line with a shovel and left neighboring Armenia without Internet access for 12 hours. The country has since made major developments into the fiber backbone infrastructure, but progress is slow due to lack of government funding.
Japanese
Japan's Internet backbone must be very efficient because of the high demand of the Internet and technology in general. Japan has more than 86 million internet users in 2009, and is projected to rise to nearly 91 million internet users by 2015. Because Japan has demand for fiber to the home, Japan is looking to knock the fiber optic backbone line of Nippon Telegraph and TelephoneÃ, ( NTT), the backbone of domestic carriers, to provide this service at cheaper rates.
See also
- Backbone network
- Free zone-Default
- Internet2
- Mbone
- Network service provider
- The root name server
- Route
- Redirecting
- Trunking
References
External links
- About Level 3
- ISP Russ Haynal page
- US Internet backbone map
- Backbone maps generated automatically from the Internet
- IPv6 Backbone Network Topology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments