The United States is the second largest energy consumer in 2010 (after China) considering total usage. This nation ranks seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and some small countries. Excluded is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the US.
Most of this energy comes from fossil fuels: in 2010, data showed that 25% of the country's energy comes from petroleum, 22% of coal, and 22% of natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplies 8%, mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass; However, it also includes other renewable sources such as wind power, geothermal, and solar energy. In 2006, energy consumption has increased faster than domestic energy production over the last 50 years in the country (when they are almost the same). This difference is largely met through imports.
According to Energy Information Administration statistics, per capita energy consumption in the US is somewhat consistent from the 1970s to the present. An average of 334 million British thermal units (BTUs) per person from 1980 to 2010. One explanation states that the energy required to increase the consumption of manufacturing equipment, automobiles and other goods has shifted to other producing countries and transporting them goods to the US with greenhouse gas shifts and suitable pollution. By comparison, the world average increased from 63.7 in 1980 to 75 million BTU per person in 2008.
Video Energy in the United States
History
From its founding to the end of the 18th century, the United States is an agrarian country with many forests. During this period, energy consumption was heavily focused on ready-to-use firewood. The rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization and railroad growth led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had weakened wood as the nation's primary energy source.
Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but in 1950, it was surpassed in turn by petroleum and natural gas. The 1973 oil embargo on the energy crisis in the United States. In 2007, coal consumption was the highest ever, with most being used to generate electricity. Natural gas has replaced coal as a preferred heat source in industrial homes, businesses and furnaces, which burns cleaner and more easily transportable.
Although total energy use increased by about 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita only increased by a factor of four. In 2009, US energy use per capita decreased to 7075 (kilogram of oil equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and until 2010 (most recently available) was at levels not seen since the 1960s usage rate. At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a small resource used to produce lubricants and fuels for kerosene and oil lamps. A hundred years later it has become an excellent source of energy for the US and the rest of the world. The rise is parallel to the rise of cars as a major force in American culture and economics.
While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and drives a variety of industrial processes, currently two-thirds of US oil consumption is in the form of derived transport fuels. Unique oil qualities for transportation fuel in terms of energy content, production costs, and refueling speed all contribute to the use of other fuels.
In June 2010, the American Energy Innovation Council, a group that includes Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft; Jeffrey R. Immelt, chief executive of General Electric; and John Doerr, has been urging the government to spend more than three times as much on energy research and development, up to $ 16 billion a year. Gates supports the government's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050, but says that it is not possible with technology or current politics. He said that the only way to find new and annoying technology is to pour a huge amount of money for the problem. The group noted that the federal government spends less than $ 5 billion per year on energy research and development, excluding the one-time stimulus project. About $ 30 billion is spent annually for health research and over $ 80 billion for military research and development. They advocate a leap in spending on basic energy research.
US CO2 emissions have fallen by about 1% per year through greater efficiency and a sluggish economy since 2008.
Maps Energy in the United States
Current consumption
The use of primary energy in the United States is 25,155 TWh or about 81,800 kWh per person in 2009. The primary energy use is 1,100 TWh less in the US than in China in 2009. The same year the share of energy imports in the US is 26% of primary energy use. Imports of energy decreased by about 22% and annual CO2 emissions by 10% in 2009 compared to 2004.
Consumption by sector
The US Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four major sectors: industry, transportation, housing, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the largest energy user in the country, currently representing about 33% of the total. The next important thing is the transport sector, followed by the residential and commercial sectors.
Consumption by source
Details of energy consumption by source are given here:
USA, Primary Energy Consumption by Sources and Sectors in 2008 is filed as follows:
Note: The number of components may not be the same as 100 percent due to independent rounding.
Total Main Consumption of Historical Evolution in the US until 2011.
Total Consumption until 2011 in Mtoe :
CAGR = Annual Growth Rate of Compounds Note: Total energy includes coal, gas, oil, electricity, heat and biomass.
Region variation
The use of household energy varies greatly throughout the United States. The average house in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than homes in the South Central region. Some regional differences can be explained by the climate. The densely populated coastal regions of the Pacific generally experience mild winters and summers, reducing the need for home heating and air conditioning. Warm and humid climate in the South and South Atlantic regions leads to higher electricity usage, while winter weather in the Northeast and North Central regions results in higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The country with the lowest per capita energy usage is New York, at 205 million Btu/year, and the highest is Wyoming, slightly above 1 billion Btu/year.
Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels. California has some of the most stringent environmental laws and building codes in the country, resulting in lower energy consumption per household than all other states except Hawaii.
Decisions on urban and municipal land use also explain some regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy-efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is wasted per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in crowded environments encourage walking, cycling and transit, thereby reducing the use of transportation energy. AP US study in 2011. The study found that multi-family homes in urban environments, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, can save more than 2/3 of the energy used by single family homes built conventionally in suburban areas (with a standard car).
Oil
For much of the 20th century and early twenty-first century, most of the energy consumed comes from oil - fossil fuels that provide 81% of the world's energy in 2009, with oil being the largest contribution. The US became a world power in the early 20th century as they stepped up the development of oil production and affected the world's oil reserves for growth and development. Over the course of the 20th century, petroleum is increasingly important by providing heating and power to the commercial and industrial sector. Oil is also used in transportation; first for railroads and then for motor vehicles.
As cars become more affordable, demand for oil quickly increases. Since the rise of the car industry, oil prices, demand, and production have all increased. Between 1900 and 1980, fuel directly correlated with GNP. Furthermore, oil shocks often coincide with a recession, and the government has responded to oil shocks in several ways. In the 1920s, oil prices peaked and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by the demand for additional supplies, so the generous depletion allowance was applied to the producers in 1926, which increased substantial investment returns. These changes induce additional exploration activities, and then the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.
The next decade the situation is reversed, with low prices and declining. This results in demands for "more regular" competition and setting minimum oil prices. Rather than overturning previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enforced a price support system. A similar cycle occurred in the 1950s and 70s.
Price
Except for one, every US recession since World War II has increased sharply in oil prices. This correlation strongly signifies the US dependence on oil for the economy and the importance of oil in US development for most of the time since the war. Many key cases of rising crude oil prices in the post-war period are associated with the political upheaval of oil-rich nations. Domestic production and consumption were faster than US demand by the late 1960s, and Middle Eastern countries had a large amount of political influence in controlling prices based on their production. Price increases are directly linked to increased investment and subsequent oil production. After World War II, European reconstruction was the main goal of the American economy, and investment eventually rose after long-term price increases at the end of the war. In the 1950s, there were strikes by oil workers, production restrictions imposed by the Texas Railway Commission, as well as the Suez Crisis and the Korean War - all creating sharp price increases, with prices falling only after production could meet demand. Peak Oil in the US led to a definite decline of American reserves and some more strikes by oil workers. Single incidents such as the OPEC embargo, the breakup of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, and the Iranian nationalization of the oil industry resulted in unprecedented price increases. Each case is followed by a marked recession in the US economy.
In 2008, oil prices rose briefly, to as high as $ 145 per barrel, and US gasoline prices jumped from $ 1.37 to $ 2.37 per gallon in 2005, causing an alternative source search, and by 2012, less than half of oil consumption US imported. However, in January 2015, oil prices have dropped to around $ 50 per barrel.
Consumption and production
In the twentieth century, oil production became more valuable, because the US industrialized and developed commercial transport, such as trains and motor vehicles. Furthermore, oil consumption also increases due to electricity. After electricity, oil becomes more important in the commercial, manufacturing and housing sectors such as heating and cooking. Therefore, during this period, the growth in oil consumption showed that the US became dependent on oil and it helped the domestic oil industry grow. However, domestic US oil production can not cover demand in the national market, allowing the US to seek new supplies internationally.
State oil consumption increased 53% between 1915 and 1919, followed by another 27% increase in 1920. The first shock of the transportation era occurred in 1920 and lasted for about a year. Lack of oil destroys the entire West Coast with long lines for gasoline. Also, in many places, fuel is not available for at least a week. Finally, large production from Texas, California, and Oklahoma reduced oil shortages, causing oil prices to fall by 40% between 1920 and 1926. During the Great Depression, both increased supply and declining demand caused oil prices to decline to around 66% between 1926 and 1931.
Toward the end of World War II, the automotive era settled rapidly, and the demand for state oil increased 12% between 1945 and 1947 while motor vehicle registrations did so by 22%. Around 1948, oil demand exceeded oil supplies, allowing the US to start importing oil. Therefore, the country is rapidly becoming a major importer of oil, rather than being a major exporter to it.
In 1952, due to strikes by US oil refiners, both the US and the UK cut 30% of fuel shipments to civil aviation, while Canada suspended all private flights. Until the 1960s, oil prices were relatively stable, and world markets could cover the excess demand for oil in the US. However, in 1973, oil prices increased due to Arab oil embargo against the US, following the support of the state of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. During that time, Arab oil producers reduced production by 4.4mb/d over two months, 7.5% of global output. During this time, people reduced their oil consumption by turning off thermostats and carpooling to work, which, along with lower demand due to the 1973-75 recession, resulted in reduced oil consumption.
After the oil crisis of 1973, oil prices increased again between 1979 and 1980 due to the Iranian revolution. The crisis is linked to political instability in key oil exporting regions. During this period, oil consumption declined due to new efficiencies. At that time, the car was developed so that less oil was needed and industrialization was also advanced to reduce oil consumption. This led to a decline in US oil demand and reduced the amount of international imports. The last energy crisis in the US occurred in 1990. This happened because of the invasion of Iraq to Kuwait. Similar to the previous crisis, oil prices are rising and oil consumption is declining but with smaller amounts and has a smaller effect.
In 2010, 70.5% of the petroleum consumption in the US was for transportation. About 2/3 of transportation consumption is gasoline. Currently, the US is still dependent on oil, because oil plays an important role socially, economically, and politically. Demand for state oil has increased exponentially, which has led to the US's continued dependence on foreign countries.
Policy
The regulation of the oil market has played a major role in the history of substance. Policies affect the market in several ways, such as price, production, consumption, supply, and demand. The oil market has had a history of booms and troughs, which has led manufacturers to demand government intervention. Typically, this government involvement only exacerbates the situation. In addition, many regulations are quickly considered illegal and deleted. Before World War II, many problems in the oil market had to do with price changes. During the 1920s, oil prices began to peak fears of oil depletion. In response to these fears, during the Coolidge administration, the US Congress imposed a depletion allowance for producers which led to a spike in investment in the oil business and the discovery of many new large oil reservoirs. The next decade displays a fall in prices caused by new investment and overproduction. Price reductions allow manufacturers to demand a price support system. For example, how prices are sustained is a pro-rational order made by the Texas Railway Commission, which limits oil production and raises prices. This order was immediately ruled illegally by the federal district court in 1931. The 1930s marked the beginning of a major federal intervention in the oil industry and began with the creation of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933, allowing for natural price competition rather than agreements between major producers. However, this action was ruled unconstitutional a year later.
While the time before World War II was filled with price concerns, the postwar era had increased oil imports in part due to price support set between the 1920s and 30s. Extremely high domestic prices led to a surge in imports from foreign producers at lower prices. In 1955, a clause was added to the Amendment of the Reciprocal Trade Act, which gave the president the power to restrict the import of certain commodities, if certain commodities were harmful to the security of the country. This clause enabled President Eisenhower to impose a quota on oil imports in 1959, which eventually allowed international oil prices to decline. These import quotas restrict international oil companies from the US market, and allow them to form OPEC. During the 1970s, President Nixon put many price control phrases in place. After many new regulations changed the original price control system, President Carter finally began to wipe out this control in 1979. During his reign, in response to the hostile energy crisis and Iran and Soviet Union ties, President Carter announced Carter Doctrine, stating that interference with interests the peoples of the Persian Gulf would be considered as an attack on its vital interests. Ronald Reagan then extended this doctrine. Since the 1990s, the oil market has been free of most regulations.
Electrical energy
The US is the world's second largest producer and consumer of electricity. It consumes about 20% of the world's electricity supply. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the national electricity industry, based on data mined from the US DoE Energy/Electricity Annual Energy 2015 USA file. Data obtained from the latest DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) file. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other residential community. The generations are detailed for major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro, and other renewable energy from wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal, and solar. Changes in fuel energy mix and other trends are identified. Advances in wind and solar contribute to the energy mix discussed. The expected changes in generational environments over the next 5 years will be discussed.
Consumption
Data on electricity consumption in this section is based on data mined from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2016 file In 2016 the total US electricity consumption is 4,137.1 terawatt-hours (TWh) (or million MWh or billion kWh). Consumption is basically flat from 2015, with a decrease of 6 TWh or 0.15%. This is described as:
- Residential customers (131.07 million) consumed directly 1,411.1 TWh, or 34.11% of the total. This is up 7 TWh from 2015. The average residential customer is using 897.2 kWh/month and with the average US housing cost of $ 0.1255/kWh the average monthly electricity bill will be $ 112.59, down slightly from 2015.
- Commercial customers (18,148 million) consumed directly 1,367.2 TWh or 33.05% of the total. This is only slightly more (6.44 TWh) than in 2015. The average commercial customer used 6,278 kWh/month and with the average commercial cost of US $ 0.1043/kWh the average monthly electricity bill would be $ 654.78, down slightly from 2015.
- Industrial customers (about 838,100) immediately consume 976.7 TWh or 23.61% of the total. It's a little less than 2015 (-1.0%).
- Transportation customers (86) are consumed directly 7.50 TWh or 0.18% of the total. This is slightly lower (0.14 TWh) than in 2015.
- Loss of system across total electricity network infrastructure with direct use of suppliers (139.8 TWh) and for transmission and other system losses and due to unfulfilled load (234.8 TWh) of 374.6 TWh or 9.1% of the total down 0.2% from 2015. Thus, the US electricity distribution system is 90.94% efficient and efficiency has increased over the past year.
The profile of electric energy consumption for 2016 is shown in the following graph. The minimum April 298 G kWhs to peak July 417 G kWhs shows the monthly range of consumption variations.
The following table is derived from data mined from Annual Electricity. identifying countries that must import electrical energy from neighboring countries to meet their consumption needs. Each total state power plant for 2015 is compared with state consumption and its share of system losses and the difference between the electrical energy generated and its total consumption (including its share of system losses) is the amount of energy it imports. For Hawaii (HI), the total consumption is equal to the energy produced. For other countries, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.084811845 (4067481441/3749481038), yielding US supplies (including net imports) equal to total US consumption. The following chart provides details. The graph shows every state of import situation with respect to the consumption of electrical energy greater than its generation.
Generation
The data in this section is based on data mined from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual (EPA) 2015
United States 1,064.1 Gigawatt power infrastructure generates 4,077.6 bln kWhs (B kWhs) by 2015. US imports minus exports is 66.7 B kWhs with a total of 4,144.3 B kWh of electrical energy for US use. Electricity energy generated from Coal is 1,352.40 B kWhs (32.63%); Natural gas and others, 1,346.60 B kWhs (32.49%); Nuclear, 797.18 B kWhs (19.24%); Hydro, 249.08 B kWhs (6.01%); Renewables (other than Hydro), 295.16 B kWhs (7.12%); Imported fewer exports, 66.7 B kWh (1.3%); Petroleum, 28.25 B kWhs (0.68%); and Misc (including pumped storage) 8.94 B kWhs (0.1%). Renewable fuels of the United States (Hydro reported separately) are Wind, 190.72 B kWhs (4.60%); Wood, 41.93 B kWh (1.01%); Other biomass, 21.70 B kWhs (0.52%); Geothermal, 15.92 B kWhs (0.38%) and Solar, 24.89 B kWhs (0.60%). The following table summarizes the electrical energy generated by the fuel source for the United States. Data from 2015 Annual Power is used throughout this section.
Note: Biomass includes wood and wood derivatives, landfill gas, biogenic municipal solid waste and other biomass wastes.
The following provides an annual summary of the generation of electrical energy by fuel sources.
Note:
- Gas includes natural gas and other gases.
- Solar includes photovoltaics and thermal.
- Other bioethics include waste, landfill gas, and others.
- Hydro excludes pumped storage (not an energy source, used by all sources, other than hydro ).
- Misc includes next-generation misc, pumped storage, and net imports.
- Amount including net import.
- Data 2016 comes from Monthly Power and excludes import-export data.
Using data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Annual Electric Power 2015 Data files are obtained from the latest files from the DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) last year. The following table is derived from data mined from Annual Electricity. identifying countries that generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those who need extra energy. Each represents total power generation for 2015 compared to state consumption and its share of the loss system and the difference between the electrical energy generated and its total consumption (including its share of the loss system) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii (HI), total consumption is equal to the energy produced. For other countries, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1084811845 (4077600939/3758992390) generating US supplies (including net imports) equal to the total US consumption. Country exports are determined by reducing the country's total consumption of its generation.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy in the United States accounts for 13.2 percent of domestically produced electricity by 2014, and 11.2 percent of total energy generation. In 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar power industry and 43 countries apply clean metering, where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays.
Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7 percent of the total US energy production (2,245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs). 2011 is the first year since 1997 that renewable energy exceeds nuclear in total US energy production.
Hydroelectric power is currently the largest renewable energy producer in the US. This generates about 6.2% of the total national electricity in 2010 which is 60.2% of the total renewable power in the United States. The United States is the fourth largest hydroelectric producer in the world. after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydro power plant in the world.
The installed capacity of US wind power now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4% of the country's electricity. Texas is well established as a leader in wind power development, followed by Iowa and California.
The US has some of the largest solar farms in the world. Solar Star is a 579 megawatt (MW AC ) farm near Rosamond, California. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm, a 550 MW photovoltaic power plant, in San Luis Obispo County, California. The solar thermal SEGS plant group in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW.
Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.
The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks the "new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama. Studies show that if there is sufficient political will is feasible to supply the United States total with 100% renewable energy by 2050.
Trends
By 2015 the use of USA's electrical energy is 1.6% more than in 2005. That's 1% lower than the peak in 2007. That's 0.05% less than in 2014. Per capita consumption has fallen by about 7% since its peak on in 2007 and every year because it has shown a decrease in individual consumption. Conservation efforts are helpful. At least, for the next decade, coal, natural gas and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for power generation in the United States. Coal will continue to reduce its contribution to natural gas that increases its contribution. Nuclear will have some downs (decommissioning) and up (new online plants) but may remain about constant. Hydro will be maintained. Petroleum will continue to decline. Wind and sun will continue to grow important; their combined generation is 5.29% of US electricity generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total US consumption.
Projection
From the start of the United States to 1973, total energy use (including electricity) increased by about 3%/year, while the population increased by an average of 2.2%/yr. The energy use per capita from 1730 to 1870 is about 100 million Btu/person. In the 20th century this increased to 300 million (332 million Btu/person/year, 97 thousand kWh/person/year in 1981).
In 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney said the US would need "at least 1,300 new power plants over the next 20 years."
Increased efficiency can cause energy use to decrease dramatically.
A concentrated solar array (CSP) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33% and can provide power 24 hours a day. Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah), the US Land Management Bureau (BLM) has nearly 98 million acres (larger area of ​​the state of Montana) open to proposals for solar power installations. To streamline application considerations, BLM produces the Programatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). With the next Record of Decision in October 2012, BLM draws 78 percent of its land from the possibility of developing solar power, leaving 19 million acres still open for applications for solar installations, an area almost as big as South Carolina. From the area left open to solar proposals, BLM has identified 285 thousand hectares in a very lucrative area called the Solar Energy Zone. In Spain, with natural gas reserves, CSP has achieved a capacity factor of 66%, with 75% becoming theoretical maximum.
Energy consumption of computers in the US
A visible or embedded computer (i.E. Hidden) is found everywhere: in all sectors listed in the above chapters, as well as in all sub-sectors listed in the column titled Major using in table above. In 1999, a study by Mark. P. Mills of Green Earth Society reports that computers consume 13% of all US supplies. Many researchers questioned Mills' methodology and then demonstrated that he was inactive in the order of magnitude; for example, Lawrence Berkeley Labs concluded that the figure was closer to three percent of US electricity usage. Although the Mills study is inaccurate, it helped push the debate to the national level, and in 2006 the US Senate began a study on energy consumption from Server farms.
Fossil-fuel equation
The reported total energy consumption above from the Annual Energy Review has been adjusted by the fossil fuel equivalence factor to estimate how much oil is needed to supply all of the energy used. While there are 3,412 Btu per kWh, a factor of 10.460 Btu/kWh is used for nuclear and 9,760 Btu/kWh for renewable energy, for 2010, to reflect how much oil is needed. This increases the total reported energy consumption, and roughly three times the share seen from non-fossil fuel sources. Because oil is less important, these adjustments can be removed, as is often the case in other countries.
See also
- Doctrine Carter
- The Climate Registry
- Efficient energy use
- Energy conservation
- Energy development
- Energy conservation in the United States
- United States energy policy
- Electricity sector from the United States
- Energy security
- The world's energy resources
- World energy consumption
- List of countries based on energy consumption and production
- List of countries based on per capita energy consumption
- List of US states by electricity production from renewable sources
- Petroleum in the United States
- Individual status:
- Energy in Vermont
References
Further reading
- GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Source, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model Country, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBNÃ, 978-981-4704-00-7
- Tough Love for Renewable Energy; Making Solar Power and Affordable Power May/June 2012 Overseas
External links
- Energy Information Administration - Official Energy Statistics from the US Government Energy Information Administration
- Biomass Energy Data Book
- Building Energy Data Book
- Power Technologies Energy Data Book (complete)
- Transportation Energy Data Book
- Interactive United States Energy Comparison
- Renewable Energy reaches 10% of US Energy Production
- US. Fact Sheet System of Energy by the University of Michigan Sustainable Systems Center
- Estimated US Energy Usage in 2011 | Visual.ly
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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